School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2020 Mar;30(2):362-373. doi: 10.1038/s41370-019-0163-0. Epub 2019 Sep 2.
Household air pollution from solid fuels is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnant women's exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), two components of solid-fuel smoke, is associated with adverse birth outcomes. Even with improved solid-fuel stoves, exposure to PAHs and VOCs remains high. Therefore, cleaner cooking fuels need to be prioritized.
We aimed to quantify exposure reduction to PAHs and VOCs among pregnant women in rural Guatemala with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention.
Urine from pregnant women (N = 50) was collected twice: at <20 weeks gestation, when women cooked exclusively with wood, and 6-8 weeks after receiving an LPG stove. Metabolites of four PAHs and eight VOCs were analyzed. Concurrent with urine collection, personal 48-h PM exposure was measured.
Women cooking exclusively with wood were exposed to high levels of particulate matter (PM), which was reduced by 57% with the LPG stove. Urinary concentrations of total PAH metabolites (-37%), PMA (benzene metabolite; -49%), and CNEMA (acrylonitrile metabolite; -51%) were reduced. However, recent use of a wood-fired sauna bath led to large increases in excretion of urinary toxicant metabolites (+66-135%).
This is the first study to report PAH and VOC reductions from an LPG stove intervention introduced during pregnancy. However, other sources of air pollution minimized the gains seen from using an LPG stove. Thus, all sources of air pollution must be addressed in concert to reduce exposures to levels that protect health.
家庭固体燃料空气污染是全球发病率和死亡率的主要危险因素。孕妇接触多环芳烃（PAHs）和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs），这两种固体燃料烟雾的成分，与不良出生结局有关。即使使用改良的固体燃料炉灶，接触 PAHs 和 VOCs 的情况仍然很高。因此，需要优先考虑更清洁的烹饪燃料。
我们旨在通过液化石油气（LPG）炉灶干预，量化危地马拉农村地区孕妇接触多环芳烃和挥发性有机化合物的减少情况。
收集了 50 名孕妇的两次尿液样本：<20 周妊娠时，孕妇仅使用木材做饭；以及接受 LPG 炉灶后 6-8 周。分析了四种 PAHs 和八种 VOCs 的代谢物。在收集尿液的同时，还测量了个人 48 小时 PM 暴露情况。
仅用木材做饭的孕妇暴露于高水平的颗粒物（PM），使用 LPG 炉灶后 PM 暴露降低了 57%。尿液中总多环芳烃代谢物（-37%）、PMA（苯代谢物；-49%）和 CNEMA（丙烯腈代谢物；-51%）的浓度降低。然而，最近使用柴火炉浴导致尿液中有毒代谢物的排泄量大幅增加（+66-135%）。
这是第一项报告在怀孕期间引入 LPG 炉灶干预可降低 PAH 和 VOC 的研究。然而，其他空气污染源使使用 LPG 炉灶带来的收益最小化。因此，必须协同处理所有空气污染源，以将暴露水平降低到保护健康的水平。
