Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Environ Int. 2013 Mar;53:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.11.010. Epub 2013 Jan 8.
Women and children in developing countries are often exposed to high levels of air pollution including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may negatively impact their health, due to household combustion of biomass fuel for cooking and heating. We compared creatinine adjusted hydroxy-PAH (OH-PAH) concentrations in pregnant women in Trujillo, Peru who cook with wood to levels measured in those who cook with kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas or a combination of fuels. Seventy-nine women were recruited for the study between May and July 2004 in the first trimester of their pregnancy. Urine samples were collected from the subjects in the first, second and third trimesters for OH-PAH analyses. The concentrations of the OH-PAHs were compared across the type of fuel used for cooking and pregnancy trimesters. The relationships between OH-PAHs levels in the first trimester and concurrently measured personal exposures to PM₂.₅, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide together with their indoor and outdoor air concentrations were also investigated. Women cooking with wood or kerosene had the highest creatinine adjusted OH-PAH concentrations compared with those using gas, coal briquette or a combination of fuels. Concentrations of creatinine adjusted 2-hydroxy-fluorene, 3-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-fluorene, 2-hydroxy-phenanthrene and 4-hydroxy-phenanthrene were significantly higher (p<0.05) in women who used wood or kerosene alone compared with women who used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coal briquette or a combination of fuels. An increase in the concentrations of creatinine adjusted 9-hydroxy-fluorene, 1-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 2-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 4-hydroxy-phenanthrene and 1-hydroxy-pyrene in the third trimesters was also observed. Weak positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient, ρ<0.4; p<0.05) was observed between all first trimester creatinine adjusted OH-PAHs and indoor (kitchen and living room), and personal 48-h TWA PM₂.₅. Women who cooked exclusively with wood or kerosene had higher creatinine adjusted OH-PAH levels in their urine samples compared to women who cooked with LPG or coal briquette.
发展中国家的妇女和儿童经常暴露在高水平的空气污染中，包括多环芳烃（PAHs），由于家庭燃烧生物质燃料用于烹饪和取暖，这可能对他们的健康产生负面影响。我们比较了在秘鲁特鲁希略的孕妇的肌酐调整后的羟基多环芳烃（OH-PAH）浓度，这些孕妇使用木材做饭，与使用煤油、液化石油气或混合燃料做饭的孕妇进行了比较。2004 年 5 月至 7 月，在怀孕的第一个三个月，从 79 名女性中招募了研究对象。在第一个、第二个和第三个三个月收集了尿液样本，用于 OH-PAH 分析。比较了不同类型燃料烹饪的孕妇的 OH-PAH 浓度与妊娠三氯。还研究了第一孕期 OH-PAH 水平与同时测量的个人暴露于 PM₂.₅、一氧化碳和二氧化氮以及室内和室外空气浓度之间的关系。与使用气体、煤球或混合燃料的妇女相比，使用木材或煤油做饭的妇女的肌酐调整后的 OH-PAH 浓度最高。与使用液化石油气（LPG）、煤球或混合燃料的妇女相比，单独使用木材或煤油的妇女的肌酐调整后 2-羟基芴、3-羟基芴、1-羟基芴、2-羟基菲和 4-羟基菲的浓度明显更高（p<0.05）。在第三个三个月还观察到肌酐调整后的 9-羟基芴、1-羟基菲、2-羟基菲、4-羟基菲和 1-羟基芘浓度增加。在第一个三个月中，所有肌酐调整后的 OH-PAH 与室内（厨房和客厅）和个人 48 小时 TWA PM₂.₅之间观察到弱正相关（Spearman 相关系数，ρ<0.4；p<0.05）。与使用 LPG 或煤球做饭的妇女相比，仅使用木材或煤油做饭的妇女尿液样本中的肌酐调整后 OH-PAH 水平更高。
