University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA.
University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA; Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;348:140705. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140705. Epub 2023 Nov 17.
Waste collection services are uncommon in rural areas of low-resource countries, causing waste accumulation and subsequent dumping and burning of garbage. Air pollution from household garbage burning, including plastics, has been observed in Jalapa, Guatemala in addition to household air pollution (HAP) from cooking. Adolescent girls often help with these cooking and household tasks, but little is known about their exposures. We characterized 24-h exposures to HAP and household garbage burning in adolescent girls by measuring fine particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates. We recruited 60 girls between 13 and 17 years of age who helped with cooking activities and lived with participants of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial. We recruited n = 30 girls each from the control (wood-burning stove) and intervention (liquefied petroleum gas stove) arms. We also measured real-time kitchen concentrations of BC in 20 homes (33%). PM and BC were measured in n = 21 control and n = 20 intervention participants. Median concentrations of personal PM and BC and kitchen BC were lower (p < 0.05) in the intervention arm by 87%, 80%, and 85%, respectively. PAH metabolite concentrations were lower (p < 0.001) for all nine metabolites in intervention (n = 26) compared to control participants (n = 29). Urinary BPA concentrations were 66% higher in participants who reported using cosmetics (p = 0.02), and phthalate concentrations were 63% higher in participants who had reported using hair products during the sample period (p = 0.05). Our results suggest that gas stoves can reduce HAP exposures among adolescents who are not primary cooks at home. Biomarkers of plastic exposure were not associated with intervention status, but some were elevated compared to age- and sex-matched participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
在资源匮乏的农村地区，垃圾收集服务并不常见，这导致了垃圾的积累，随后垃圾被倾倒和焚烧。除了烹饪产生的家庭空气污染（HAP）外，在危地马拉的哈拉帕还观察到了家庭垃圾燃烧产生的空气污染，其中包括塑料。青少年女孩经常帮助做饭和做家务，但对她们的接触情况知之甚少。我们通过测量细颗粒物（PM）、黑碳（BC）、多环芳烃（PAH）、双酚 A（BPA）和邻苯二甲酸酯的尿液生物标志物，来描述青少年女孩接触 HAP 和家庭垃圾燃烧的 24 小时暴露情况。我们招募了 60 名年龄在 13 至 17 岁之间的女孩，她们帮助做饭，并与家庭空气污染干预网络（HAPIN）试验的参与者住在一起。我们从对照组（燃木炉）和干预组（液化石油气炉）各招募了 30 名女孩。我们还在 20 个家庭（33%）中测量了实时厨房 BC 浓度。在对照组中，有 n=21 名参与者，在干预组中，有 n=20 名参与者，对 PM 和 BC 进行了测量。干预组的个人 PM 和 BC 以及厨房 BC 的中位数浓度分别降低了 87%、80%和 85%（p<0.05）。与对照组（n=29）相比，干预组（n=26）的所有 9 种代谢物的 PAH 代谢物浓度均较低（p<0.001）。报告使用化妆品的参与者的尿液 BPA 浓度高出 66%（p=0.02），报告在采样期间使用头发产品的参与者的邻苯二甲酸酯浓度高出 63%（p=0.05）。我们的结果表明，燃气炉可以减少非家庭主要厨师的青少年的 HAP 暴露。塑料暴露的生物标志物与干预状态无关，但与国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中年龄和性别匹配的参与者相比，一些生物标志物有所升高。
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