Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(16):2773-2789. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.
在 1985 年之前，联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）估计全球粮食作物受霉菌毒素污染的比例为 25%。这个说法的起源很大程度上是未知的。为了评估其合理性，我们回顾了相关文献，并对欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）以及关于霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2 和 HT-2 毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和赭曲霉毒素 A）在谷物和坚果中的全球大型调查中约 50 万次分析的数据进行了审查。我们使用不同的阈值，即检测限、欧盟（EU）法规和食品法典标准的下、上限，对霉菌毒素的出现情况进行了估计。本文还批判性地讨论了文献中出现的不确定性以及与我们的结果相关的不同方面的影响。目前，欧盟和食品法典标准之上的霉菌毒素出现情况似乎证实了粮农组织 25%的估计，但这一数字大大低估了可检测水平以上的出现情况（高达 60-80%）。这种高出现率可能是由于分析方法灵敏度的提高以及气候变化的影响所致。重要的是，不能忽视可检测水平，因为通过饮食，人类会接触到可能引起联合不良健康影响的霉菌毒素混合物。
