Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, LS18 5HD, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK.
Nutrients. 2019 Aug 30;11(9):2030. doi: 10.3390/nu11092030.
Snack foods can be substantial contributors to daily energy intake, with different types of snacks exerting potentially different effects on satiety per calorie consumed. The present research compared the effect of consuming almonds as a mid-morning snack compared to an energy and weight-matched comparator snack (savoury crackers) or the equivalent weight of water (zero energy control). In a crossover design, 42 female participants (age: 26.0 ± 7.9, BMI: 22.0 ± 2.0) consumed a fixed breakfast then a mid-morning snack. Appetite, 24-h energy intake, food hedonics, and consumer perceptions of the snack foods were assessed under laboratory conditions. AUC analyses revealed a lower overall hunger drive after consuming almonds compared to crackers or water. There was no difference in 24-h energy intake in the almond compared to the cracker or the zero-energy control condition, however participants consumed more energy in the cracker condition compared to the zero-energy control condition. In addition, almonds suppressed hedonic preference (implicit wanting) for consuming high-fat foods and demonstrated a higher satiety quotient (SQ) than crackers. Almonds were perceived to have a more favourable consumer profile aligned with successful weight management. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that in the context of a 24-h period of objectively measured energy intake, raw almonds are effective for controlling appetite compared to an energy matched alternative snack. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov [NCT02480582].
零食可以成为每日能量摄入的重要来源，不同类型的零食每卡路里摄入的饱腹感可能不同。本研究比较了在上午中间吃杏仁作为零食与能量和重量匹配的对照零食（咸味饼干）或相同重量的水（零能量对照）的效果。在交叉设计中，42 名女性参与者（年龄：26.0 ± 7.9，BMI：22.0 ± 2.0）吃了固定的早餐，然后吃了上午中间的零食。在实验室条件下评估了食欲、24 小时能量摄入、食物愉悦感和参与者对零食的看法。AUC 分析显示，与饼干或水相比，食用杏仁后总体饥饿感降低。与饼干或零能量对照条件相比，杏仁在 24 小时内的能量摄入没有差异，但与零能量对照条件相比，参与者在饼干条件下摄入的能量更多。此外，杏仁抑制了对高脂肪食物的享乐偏好（隐性渴望），并表现出比饼干更高的饱腹感指数（SQ）。杏仁被认为具有更有利的消费者形象，与成功的体重管理相一致。总之，这些发现表明，在 24 小时内客观测量的能量摄入的背景下，与能量匹配的替代零食相比，生杏仁可以有效地控制食欲。该试验在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册 [NCT02480582]。
