Advancements in electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide, glucose and dopamine by using 2D nanoarchitectures of layered double hydroxides or metal dichalcogenides. A review.

This review (with 105 references) describes the progress that has been made in the past few years in the use of 2D nanoarchitectures in electrochemical sensors for the clinically highly significant parameters hydrogen peroxide, glucose and dopamine. Following an introduction into the field, we summarize the improvements in electrochemical sensors that can be accomplished by using such nanomaterials, with a specific focus on sensors for in-vitro diagnostics. A further large section covers sensors based on the use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with subsections on sensors for hydrogen peroxide, glucose and dopamine. Dichalcogenides based electrochemical sensors are treated in next section, again with subsections on hydrogen peroxide, glucose and dopamine. We also summarize key sensor parameters including limits of detection, linear ranges and real time applications in pharmaceutical, environmental and clinical fields. The next section summarizes the work related to sensing of hydrogen peroxide released from different live cells as signalling molecule indicating cellular stress. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future perspectives. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and dichalcogenides based electrochemical sensors for sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide (HO), glucose and dopamine (DA) from biological fluids as biomarkers for early diagnosis.