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基于大段连续组织切片的男性前肛直肠精确三维形态重建:尸体研究。

Precise Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Male Anterior Anorectum Reconstructed From Large Serial Histologic Sections: A Cadaveric Study.

机构信息

Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.

出版信息

Dis Colon Rectum. 2019 Oct;62(10):1238-1247. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001449.

DOI:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001449
PMID:31490833
Abstract

BACKGROUND

Deep anatomic knowledge of the male anterior anorectum is important to avoid urethral injury and rectal perforation in intersphincteric resection or abdominoperineal resection for very low rectal cancer. However, its structure is difficult to understand, because the anorectum, muscles, and urogenital organs are complicatedly and 3-dimensionally arranged.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to revisit the anatomic information of the male anterior anorectum for intersphincteric resection and abdominoperineal resection with a focus on the spatial muscular morphology.

DESIGN

This was a descriptive cadaveric study.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted at Ehime and Kyoto universities.

PATIENTS

Tissue specimens from 9 male cadavers were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Specimens around the anterior anorectum were serially sectioned in the horizontal, sagittal, or frontal plane; large semiserial histologic sections were created at 250-μm intervals. The series were stained with Elastica van Gieson, and some sections from the series were studied by immunohistochemistry to detect smooth and striated muscles. Two series were digitalized and reconstructed 3-dimensionally.

RESULTS

Two regions without a clear anatomic border were elucidated: 1) the anterior region of the external anal sphincter, where the external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus muscle, and superficial transverse perineal muscle were intertwined; and 2) the rectourethralis muscle, where the smooth muscle of the longitudinal muscle continuously extended to the posteroinferior area of the urethra, which became closest to the anorectum at the prostatic apex level. A tight connection between the striated and smooth muscles was identified at the anterior part of the upper external anal sphincter and anterolateral part of the puborectalis muscle level.

LIMITATIONS

This study involved a small sample size of elderly cadavers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study clarified the precise spatial relationship between smooth and striated muscles. The detailed anatomic findings will contribute more accurate step-by-step anterior dissection in intersphincteric resection and abdominoperineal resection, especially with the transanal approach, which can magnify the muscle fiber direction and contraction of striated muscle by electrostimulation. MORFOLOGÍA TRIDIMENSIONAL PRECISA DEL ANORRECTO ANTERIOR MASCULINO RECONSTRUIDO A TRAVÉS DE SECCIONES MAYORES HISTOLÓGICAS EN SERIE: UN ESTUDIO CADAVÉRICO: El conocimiento anatómico amplio del anorrecto anterior masculino es importante para evitar lesiones de uretra y perforación de recto en la resección interesfinterica o la resección abdominoperineal para cáncer de recto bajo. Sin embargo, su estructura es difícil de entender porque el anorrecto, los músculos y los órganos urogenitales están aliñados en forma complexa tridimensional.

OBJETIVO

Revisar de nuevo el conocimiento anatómico del anorrecto anterior masculino relevante a la resección interesfinterica y la resección abdominoperineal con un enfoque en la morfología muscular espacial. DISEÑO:: Estudio descriptivo cadavérico.

ENTORNO

Ehime y la Universidad de Kyoto.

SUJETOS

Tejido especímenes de nueve cadáveres masculinos. PUNTOS FINALES DE VALORACIÓN:: Las muestras alrededor del anorrecto anterior se seccionaron en serie en planos horizontal, sagital y coronal. Se crearon mayores secciones histológicas en serie a intervalos de 250 μm. Los especímenes fueron teñidos con Elástica van Gieson, y algunas secciones de la serie se estudiaron mediante inmunohistoquímica para detectar músculos lisos y estriados. Dos series fueron digitalizadas y reconstruidas tridimensionalmente.

RESULTADOS

Se demostraron dos regiones sin un borde anatómico definido: (i) la región anterior del esfínter anal externo, donde se entrelazaron el esfínter anal externo, el músculo bulbospongoso y el músculo perineal transverso superficial; y (ii) músculo rectouretral, donde el músculo liso del músculo longitudinal se extiende continuamente a la zona posteroinferior de la uretra, que se acerca más al anorrecto a nivel del ápice prostático. La conexión estrecha entre los músculos estriados y lisos se identificó en la parte anterior del esfínter anal externo superior y la parte anterolateral del nivel del músculo puborrectal. LIMITACIÓN:: Este estudio incluyó una muestra pequeña de cadáveres ancianos. CONCLUSIÓN:: Este estudio aclaró la relación espacial precisa entre los músculos lisos y estriados. Los hallazgos anatómicos detallados ayudarán para una disección anterior paso a paso más precisa en la resección interesfintérica y la resección abdominoperineal, especialmente con el abordaje transanal, que puede magnificar la dirección de las fibras musculares y la contracción del músculo estriado utilizando electroestimulación.

摘要

背景

深入了解男性前肛门直肠的解剖结构对于避免在超低位直肠癌的经肛门内外括约肌间切除术或腹会阴切除术时损伤尿道和直肠穿孔非常重要。然而,由于肛门直肠、肌肉和泌尿生殖器官的结构复杂且呈三维排列,因此其结构难以理解。

目的

本研究旨在重新审视经肛门内外括约肌间切除术和腹会阴切除术的男性前肛门直肠的解剖学信息,重点关注空间肌肉形态。

设计

这是一项描述性尸体研究。

地点

爱媛大学和京都大学。

患者

纳入了 9 具男性尸体的组织标本。

主要观察指标

对前肛门直肠周围的标本进行水平、矢状或冠状平面的连续切片;每隔 250μm 间隔创建大半连续组织学切片。将切片用弹性纤维 van Gieson 染色,对部分切片进行免疫组织化学染色以检测平滑肌和横纹肌。将两个系列进行数字化并进行三维重建。

结果

确定了两个没有明确解剖边界的区域:(i)肛门外括约肌的前区域,其中肛门外括约肌、球海绵体肌和浅层会阴肌交织在一起;(ii)直肠尿道肌,其中纵肌的平滑肌连续延伸至尿道的后下区域,在前列腺尖端水平与肛门直肠最接近。在上部肛门外括约肌的前部分和肛提肌水平的前外侧部分,可识别到横纹肌和平滑肌之间的紧密连接。

局限性

本研究涉及老年尸体的小样本量。

结论

本研究阐明了平滑肌和横纹肌之间的精确空间关系。详细的解剖学发现将有助于更准确地进行经肛门内外括约肌间切除术和腹会阴切除术的前向分步解剖,尤其是经肛门入路,该入路可以通过电刺激放大横纹肌的纤维方向和收缩。

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