Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia.
Department of Biosciences, Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK.
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2019;8(1):1314-1323. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1661217.
Within host-parasite communities, viral co-circulation and co-infections of hosts are the norm, yet studies of significant emerging zoonoses tend to focus on a single parasite species within the host. Using a multiplexed paramyxovirus bead-based PCR on urine samples from Australian flying foxes, we show that multi-viral shedding from flying fox populations is common. We detected up to nine bat paramyxoviruses shed synchronously. Multi-viral shedding infrequently coalesced into an extreme, brief and spatially restricted shedding pulse, coinciding with peak spillover of Hendra virus, an emerging fatal zoonotic pathogen of high interest. Such extreme pulses of multi-viral shedding could easily be missed during routine surveillance yet have potentially serious consequences for spillover of novel pathogens to humans and domestic animal hosts. We also detected co-occurrence patterns suggestive of the presence of interactions among viruses, such as facilitation and cross-immunity. We propose that multiple viruses may be interacting, influencing the shedding and spillover of zoonotic pathogens. Understanding these interactions in the context of broader scale drivers, such as habitat loss, may help predict shedding pulses of Hendra virus and other fatal zoonoses.
在宿主-寄生虫群落中，病毒的共同循环和宿主的共同感染是常态，但对重要新出现的人畜共患病的研究往往集中在宿主体内的单一寄生虫物种上。我们使用一种基于多重副黏病毒珠的聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法，对来自澳大利亚果蝠的尿液样本进行检测，结果表明，果蝠群体中存在多种病毒的同时脱落现象很常见。我们检测到多达九种蝙蝠副黏病毒同时脱落。多种病毒的脱落很少合并成一个极端、短暂且空间受限的脱落脉冲，与亨德拉病毒的溢出高峰相吻合，亨德拉病毒是一种新兴的致命人畜共患病病原体，具有很高的关注度。在常规监测中，这种极端的多病毒脱落脉冲很容易被忽略，但对新型病原体向人类和家畜宿主溢出可能会产生严重后果。我们还检测到了提示病毒之间存在相互作用的共存模式，例如促进作用和交叉免疫。我们提出，多种病毒可能相互作用，影响人畜共患病病原体的脱落和溢出。在更广泛的规模驱动因素（如栖息地丧失）的背景下理解这些相互作用，可能有助于预测亨德拉病毒和其他致命人畜共患病的脱落脉冲。
