Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
GREENTECH SA, Saint-Beauzire, France.
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2020 Apr;127(4):445-465. doi: 10.1007/s00702-019-02083-z. Epub 2019 Sep 24.
Among the various regulators of the nervous system, the gut microbiota has been recently described to have the potential to modulate neuronal cells activation. While bacteria-derived products can induce aversive responses and influence pain perception, recent work suggests that "abnormal" microbiota is associated with neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we review how the gut microbiota modulates afferent sensory neurons function and pain, highlighting the role of the microbiota/gut/brain axis in the control of behaviors and neurological diseases. We outline the changes in gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, and their influence on painful gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, both direct host/microbiota interaction that implicates activation of "pain-sensing" neurons by metabolites, or indirect communication via immune activation is discussed. Finally, treatment options targeting the gut microbiota, including pre- or probiotics, will be proposed. Further studies on microbiota/nervous system interaction should lead to the identification of novel microbial ligands and host receptor-targeted drugs, which could ultimately improve chronic pain management and well-being.
在神经系统的各种调节剂中，肠道微生物群最近被描述为具有调节神经元细胞激活的潜力。虽然细菌衍生的产物可以引起厌恶反应并影响疼痛感知，但最近的研究表明，“异常”的微生物群与神经退行性疾病（如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或自闭症谱系障碍）有关。在这里，我们回顾了肠道微生物群如何调节传入感觉神经元的功能和疼痛，强调了微生物群/肠道/大脑轴在控制行为和神经退行性疾病中的作用。我们概述了称为肠道菌群失调的肠道微生物群的变化及其对胃肠道疼痛障碍的影响。此外，还讨论了直接的宿主/微生物群相互作用，涉及代谢物激活“疼痛感知”神经元，或通过免疫激活的间接通讯。最后，将提出针对肠道微生物群的治疗选择，包括益生菌或预生物。对微生物群/神经系统相互作用的进一步研究应导致鉴定新型微生物配体和宿主受体靶向药物，这最终可能改善慢性疼痛管理和健康状况。
