Intraub H, Nicklos S
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1985 Apr;11(2):284-98. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.11.2.284.
Six experiments studied the effect of physical orienting questions (e.g., "Is this angular?") and semantic orienting questions (e.g., "Is this edible?") on memory for unrelated pictures at stimulus durations ranging from 125-2,000 ms. Results ran contrary to the semantic superiority "rule of thumb," which is based primarily on verbal memory experiments. Physical questions were associated with better free recall and cued recall of a diverse set of visual scenes (Experiments 1, 2, and 4). This occurred both when general and highly specific semantic questions were used (Experiments 1 and 2). Similar results were obtained when more simplistic visual stimuli--photographs of single objects--were used (Experiments 5 and 6). As in the case of the semantic superiority effect with words, the physical superiority effect for pictures was eliminated or reversed when the same physical questions were repeated throughout the session (Experiments 4 and 6). Conflicts with results of previous levels of processing experiments with words and nonverbal stimuli (e.g., faces) are explained in terms of the sensory-semantic model (Nelson, Reed, & McEvoy, 1977). Implications for picture memory research and the levels of processing viewpoint are discussed.
六项实验研究了物理定向问题（例如，“这是有角的吗？”）和语义定向问题（例如，“这能食用吗？”）在125 - 2000毫秒的刺激持续时间内对不相关图片记忆的影响。结果与主要基于言语记忆实验的语义优势“经验法则”相反。物理问题与对各种视觉场景更好的自由回忆和线索回忆相关（实验1、2和4）。无论是使用一般的还是高度具体的语义问题时都是如此（实验1和2）。当使用更简单的视觉刺激——单个物体的照片时，也得到了类似的结果（实验5和6）。与词语的语义优势效应情况一样，当在整个实验过程中重复相同的物理问题时，图片的物理优势效应被消除或逆转（实验4和6）。根据感觉 - 语义模型（Nelson、Reed和McEvoy，1977）解释了与之前关于词语和非言语刺激（例如面孔）的加工水平实验结果的冲突。讨论了对图片记忆研究和加工水平观点的启示。
