Pascual María, Ibáñez Francesc, Guerri Consuelo
Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain.
Neural Regen Res. 2020 May;15(5):796-801. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.268893.
In recent years, a type of extracellular vesicles named exosomes has emerged that play an important role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions. These nanovesicles (30-150 nm) contain proteins, RNAs and lipids, and their internalization by bystander cells could alter their normal functions. This review focuses on recent knowledge about exosomes as messengers of neuron-glia communication and their participation in the physiological and pathological functions in the central nervous system. Special emphasis is placed on the role of exosomes under toxic or pathological stimuli within the brain, in which the glial exosomes containing inflammatory molecules are able to communicate with neurons and contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Given the small size and characteristics of exosomes, they can cross the blood-brain barrier and be used as biomarkers and diagnosis for brain disorders and neuropathologies. Finally, although the application potential of exosome is still limited, current studies indicate that exosomes represent a promising strategy to gain pathogenic information to identify therapeutically targets and biomarkers for neurological disorders and neuroinflammation.
近年来，一种名为外泌体的细胞外囊泡出现了，它在生理和病理条件下的细胞间通讯中发挥着重要作用。这些纳米囊泡（30 - 150纳米）含有蛋白质、RNA和脂质，旁观者细胞对它们的摄取可能会改变其正常功能。本综述聚焦于外泌体作为神经元 - 神经胶质细胞通讯信使的最新知识，以及它们在中枢神经系统生理和病理功能中的参与情况。特别强调了脑内毒性或病理刺激下外泌体的作用，其中含有炎症分子的神经胶质外泌体能够与神经元通讯，并促进神经炎症和神经退行性疾病的发病机制。鉴于外泌体的小尺寸和特性，它们可以穿过血脑屏障，并用作脑部疾病和神经病理学的生物标志物及诊断工具。最后，尽管外泌体的应用潜力仍然有限，但目前的研究表明，外泌体是获取致病信息以识别神经疾病和神经炎症治疗靶点及生物标志物的一种有前景的策略。
