Uter Wolfgang
Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universität Erlangen/Nürnberg, Waldstr. 6, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
Hautarzt. 2020 Mar;71(3):166-173. doi: 10.1007/s00105-019-04506-0.
Contact sensitization is a common condition. The spectrum of the most important allergens may change over the course of time owing to changes in exposure. Using the so-called baseline series, a collection of the most important and frequent allergens, both population-related and clinical epidemiological studies have been performed.
Basic epidemiological concepts and special aspects regarding the epidemiology of contact allergies are presented.
A concise adaptation of textbook knowledge and a selective literature search were performed.
On the population level, about 25% of people are sensitized to at least one substance included in the baseline series, by far most often to nickel. In view of a prevalence of around 4%, fragrances are important contact allergens, too, along with preservatives. Among patients patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis, the ranking of the most important allergen groups is similar, but the prevalences are (much) higher.
Short-term changes in exposure and subsequently in the spectrum of major contact allergens can best be illustrated by clinical surveillance based on routinely collected data and, if needed, preventive measures can be initiated. In addition to time trend analyses, subgroup analyses may offer important clues regarding the identification of sensitizing and eliciting exposures, respectively.
接触性致敏是一种常见病症。由于接触情况的变化，最重要的变应原谱可能会随时间而改变。利用所谓的基线系列，即最重要且最常见变应原的集合，已经开展了与人群相关的研究以及临床流行病学研究。
介绍接触性过敏流行病学的基本流行病学概念和特殊方面。
对教科书知识进行简要改编并进行选择性文献检索。
在人群层面，约25%的人对基线系列中至少一种物质致敏，其中最常见的是镍。鉴于患病率约为4%，香料以及防腐剂也是重要的接触性变应原。在因疑似过敏性接触性皮炎而接受斑贴试验的患者中，最重要变应原组的排名相似，但患病率（要）高得多。
基于常规收集的数据进行临床监测，能够最好地说明接触情况以及主要接触性变应原谱的短期变化，如有必要，可启动预防措施。除了时间趋势分析外，亚组分析可能分别为识别致敏性接触和激发性接触提供重要线索。
