Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019 Nov 21;10(1):340. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1445-0.
Degenerative disorders of joints, especially osteoarthritis (OA), result in persistent pain and disability and high costs to society. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of OA have not yet been fully explained. OA is characterized by destruction of cartilage and loss of extracellular matrix (ECM). It is generally agreed that there is an association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of OA. There is increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and "a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs" (ADAMTS). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been explored as a new treatment for OA during the last decade. It has been suggested that paracrine secretion of trophic factors, in which exosomes have a crucial role, contributes to the mechanism of MSC-based treatment of OA. The paracrine secretion of exosomes may play a role in the repair of joint tissue as well as MSC-based treatments for other disorders. Exosomes isolated from various stem cells may contribute to tissue regeneration in the heart, limbs, skin, and other tissues. Recent studies have indicated that exosomes (or similar particles) derived from MSCs may suppress OA development. Herein, for first time, we summarize the recent findings of studies on various exosomes derived from MSCs and their effectiveness in the treatment of OA. Moreover, we highlight the likely mechanisms of actions of exosomes in OA.
关节退行性疾病，特别是骨关节炎（OA），会导致持续的疼痛和残疾，给社会带来高昂的成本。然而，OA 的分子机制尚未得到充分解释。OA 的特征是软骨破坏和细胞外基质（ECM）的丧失。人们普遍认为，促炎细胞因子与 OA 的发展之间存在关联。基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）和“带有血小板反应蛋白的解整合素和金属蛋白酶”（ADAMTS）的表达增加。在过去十年中，间充质干细胞（MSCs）已被探索作为 OA 的一种新治疗方法。有研究表明，旁分泌的营养因子的分泌，其中外泌体起着关键作用，有助于基于 MSC 的 OA 治疗机制。外泌体的旁分泌分泌可能在关节组织修复以及基于 MSC 的其他疾病治疗中发挥作用。从各种干细胞中分离出的外泌体可能有助于心脏、四肢、皮肤和其他组织的组织再生。最近的研究表明，MSC 来源的外泌体（或类似颗粒）可能抑制 OA 的发展。在此，我们首次总结了关于源自 MSCs 的各种外泌体及其在 OA 治疗中的有效性的最新研究结果。此外，我们强调了外泌体在 OA 中的可能作用机制。
