Castillo Maria G, Humphries Judith E, Mourão Marina M, Marquez Joshua, Gonzalez Adrian, Montelongo Cesar E
Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
Department of Biology, Lawrence University, Appleton WI 54911, USA.
Dev Comp Immunol. 2020 Mar;104:103557. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103557. Epub 2019 Nov 21.
The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. Current treatment and prevention strategies have not led to a significant decrease in disease transmission. However, the genome of B. glabrata was recently sequenced to provide additional resources to further our understanding of snail biology. This review presents an overview of recently published, post-genome studies related to the topic of snail immunity. Many of these reports expand on findings originated from the genome characterization. These novel studies include a complementary gene linkage map, analysis of the genome of the B. glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line, as well as transcriptomic and proteomic studies looking at snail-parasite interactions and innate immune memory responses towards schistosomes. Also included are biochemical investigations on snail pheromones, neuropeptides, and attractants, as well as studies investigating the frontiers of molluscan epigenetics and cell signaling were also included. Findings support the current hypotheses on snail-parasite strain compatibility, and that snail host resistance to schistosome infection is dependent not only on genetics and expression, but on the ability to form multimeric molecular complexes in a timely and tissue-specific manner. The relevance of cell immunity is reinforced, while the importance of humoral factors, especially for secondary infections, is supported. Overall, these studies reflect an improved understanding on the diversity, specificity, and complexity of molluscan immune systems.
淡水螺类光滑双脐螺（Biomphalaria glabrata）是人类寄生虫曼氏血吸虫（Schistosoma mansoni）生命周期中的重要中间宿主，而曼氏血吸虫是血吸虫病的病原体。目前的治疗和预防策略尚未使疾病传播显著减少。然而，最近对光滑双脐螺的基因组进行了测序，以提供更多资源，增进我们对螺类生物学的了解。本综述概述了最近发表的与螺类免疫主题相关的基因组后研究。这些报告中有许多是对源自基因组特征研究结果的拓展。这些新研究包括一个互补基因连锁图谱、对光滑双脐螺胚胎（Bge）细胞系基因组的分析，以及关于螺 - 寄生虫相互作用和对血吸虫先天免疫记忆反应的转录组学和蛋白质组学研究。还包括对螺类信息素、神经肽和引诱剂的生化研究，以及对软体动物表观遗传学和细胞信号传导前沿的研究。研究结果支持了当前关于螺 - 寄生虫菌株相容性的假设，并且螺类宿主对血吸虫感染的抗性不仅取决于基因和表达，还取决于及时以组织特异性方式形成多聚体分子复合物的能力。细胞免疫的相关性得到加强，同时体液因子的重要性也得到了支持，特别是对于二次感染。总体而言，这些研究反映了对软体动物免疫系统的多样性、特异性和复杂性有了更好的理解。
