Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
Toxicol Lett. 2020 May 1;323:10-18. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.022. Epub 2020 Jan 23.
Chloropicrin is a volatile and reactive chemical that has been utilized as a warfare agent and a pesticide to fumigate soil against insects, fungi and nematodes. It poses a health risk to humans and animals if inhaled. The main source of chloropicrin exposure is occupational and occurs during its manufacture, transport and fumigation. Chloropicrin is toxic via all routes of exposure but the main route of systemic exposure is inhalation of the ambient air. Thus, the toxicity mainly affects the respiratory system. After a low level exposure, the first sign is irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. Irritation is mediated by the sensory nerve fibers, which coordinate further activation of various protective reflexes. Chloropicrin-induced irritation is generally reversible but can alter airway responsiveness to other inhalation toxicants. Severe exposures cause injuries in the respiratory tract, inflammation, and even life-threatening edema. Much of the chloropicrin-caused symptoms and toxicity in the respiratory system displays similarities with those evoked by chlorine, which is also a breakdown product of chloropicrin. This review summarizes the latest information on chloropicrin with emphasis on the toxicity in the respiratory system. The data indicates that oxidative stress, modification of macromolecules, mutations, dysfunctions of cell organelles and cell death are involved in acute chloropicrin-induced toxicity in the respiratory system.
三氯硝基甲烷是一种挥发性和反应性化学物质，曾被用作战争剂和杀虫剂来熏蒸土壤以防治昆虫、真菌和线虫。如果吸入，它会对人类和动物的健康构成威胁。三氯硝基甲烷暴露的主要来源是职业性的，发生在其制造、运输和熏蒸过程中。三氯硝基甲烷经所有暴露途径都具有毒性，但全身暴露的主要途径是吸入环境空气。因此，毒性主要影响呼吸系统。在低水平暴露后，第一个迹象是上呼吸道和眼睛的刺激。刺激是由感觉神经纤维介导的，这些纤维协调进一步激活各种保护反射。三氯硝基甲烷引起的刺激通常是可逆的，但会改变对其他吸入性毒物的气道反应性。严重暴露会导致呼吸道损伤、炎症，甚至危及生命的水肿。呼吸系统中大部分由三氯硝基甲烷引起的症状和毒性与氯气引起的相似，氯气也是三氯硝基甲烷的分解产物。本综述总结了有关三氯硝基甲烷的最新信息，重点介绍了呼吸系统毒性。这些数据表明，氧化应激、大分子修饰、突变、细胞器功能障碍和细胞死亡都参与了急性三氯硝基甲烷引起的呼吸系统毒性。
