Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
WorldFish Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(22):3822-3835. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1708698. Epub 2020 Jan 25.
Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 of zero hunger and malnutrition by 2030 will require dietary shifts that include increasing the consumption of nutrient dense foods by populations in low- and middle-income countries. Animal source foods are known to be rich in a number of highly bioavailable nutrients that otherwise are not often consumed in the staple-food based diets of poorer populations throughout the world. Fish is the dominant animal source food in many low- and middle-income countries in the global south and is available from both fisheries and aquaculture. Consumers often perceive that wild caught fish have higher nutritional value than fish produced through aquaculture, and this may be true for some nutrients, for example omega-3 fatty acid content. However, there is potential to modify the nutritional value of farmed fish through feeds and through production systems, illustrated by the common practice of supplementing omega-3 fatty acids in fish diets to optimize their fatty acid profile. This manuscript reviews the evidence related to fish feeds and the nutritional composition of fish with respect to a number of nutrients of interest to human health, including iron, zinc, vitamins A and D, selenium, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids, with low- and middle-income country populations in mind. In general, we find that the research on fortification of fish diet particularly with vitamins and minerals has not been directed toward human health but rather toward improvement of fish growth and health performance. We were unable to identify any studies directly exploring the impact of fish feed modification on the health of human consumers of fish, but as nutrition and health rises in the development agenda and consumer attention, the topic requires more urgent attention in future feed formulations.
要实现到 2030 年零饥饿和营养不良的可持续发展目标 2，就需要进行饮食结构调整，包括增加中低收入国家人群对营养密集型食物的消费。众所周知，动物源食品富含许多高度可吸收的营养物质，而在全世界较贫困人群的主食饮食中，这些营养物质通常并不常被摄入。在全球南方的许多中低收入国家，鱼类是主要的动物源食品，既可以从渔业中获得，也可以从水产养殖中获得。消费者通常认为野生捕捞的鱼类比水产养殖生产的鱼类具有更高的营养价值，对于某些营养素来说，情况确实如此，例如ω-3 脂肪酸含量。然而，通过饲料和生产系统，有可能改变养殖鱼类的营养价值，例如在鱼类饲料中补充ω-3 脂肪酸以优化其脂肪酸谱就是常见的做法。本文综述了与鱼类饲料和鱼类营养成分有关的证据，这些证据涉及到一些对人类健康有重要意义的营养素，包括铁、锌、维生素 A 和 D、硒、钙和 ω-3 脂肪酸，同时考虑到中低收入国家的人口。总的来说，我们发现，鱼类饮食强化，特别是维生素和矿物质的强化，研究的重点不是人类健康，而是鱼类生长和健康性能的提高。我们没有发现任何直接研究鱼类饲料改良对鱼类消费者健康影响的研究，但随着营养和健康在发展议程中的地位上升以及消费者关注度的提高，这个话题在未来的饲料配方中需要得到更紧迫的关注。
