Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
Nutr J. 2018 Feb 23;17(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s12937-018-0328-z.
Adolescence involves changes in dietary habits that may induce imbalances in the intake of different nutrients. Fish is an important dietary source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), vitamin D, several minerals and high-quality protein. By using secondary outcomes and exploratory analyses, the aims of this paper were to evaluate if nutritional biomarkers (red blood cell fatty acids, serum (s)-25(OH)D, s-ferritin and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) were altered during a dietary intervention, and if they mediated previously reported changes in attention performance. In addition, to examine the status of the biomarkers and explore associations between dietary pattern, biomarkers and attention performance cross-sectionally at baseline.
The Fish Intervention Studies-TEENS (FINS-TEENS) was a three-armed intervention trial, including adolescents from eight secondary schools (n = 415; age: 14-15y) in Bergen, Norway. Participants were individually randomized to receive either fish meals, meat meals or n-3 LCPUFA supplements, three times a week for a total of 12 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected pre and post intervention and attention performance was assessed with the d2 test of attention. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) assessed differences between groups in changes of biomarkers and linear mixed models were applied in analyses of attention performance and biomarkers. The trial is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02350322).
At baseline, the mean omega-3 index was 5.8 ± 1.3% and deficient status were identified for s-25(OH)D (54%), s-ferritin (10%) and UIC (40%). The intervention resulted in an increase in DHA and the omega-3 index which was larger in the supplement group compared to the fish and meat group (P < 0.01), and in the fish group compared to the meat group (P < 0.01). No differences between the groups were observed for changes in 25(OH)D, s-ferritin or UIC. None of the biomarkers mediated performance in the d2 test. The intake of fatty fish and a healthy dietary pattern was associated with scores in processing speed at baseline.
These results show that Norwegian adolescents have insufficient status of important nutrients, which may be improved with fatty fish consumption or n-3 LCPUFA supplements. However, nutritional status was not associated with scores in the d2 test of attention.
青少年的饮食习惯会发生变化，这可能导致不同营养素的摄入不平衡。鱼类是ω-3（n-3）长链多不饱和脂肪酸（LCPUFA）、维生素 D、几种矿物质和高质量蛋白质的重要膳食来源。本研究通过使用次要结局和探索性分析，旨在评估在饮食干预过程中营养生物标志物（红细胞脂肪酸、血清（s）-25（OH）D、s-铁蛋白和尿碘浓度（UIC））是否发生变化，以及它们是否介导了先前报道的注意力表现的变化。此外，还检测了生物标志物的状态，并在基线时从横截面上探讨了饮食模式、生物标志物和注意力表现之间的关系。
青少年鱼类干预研究-TEENS（FINS-TEENS）是一项三臂干预试验，包括来自挪威卑尔根八所中学的 415 名青少年（年龄：14-15 岁）。参与者被单独随机分配到每周接受三次鱼餐、肉餐或 n-3 LCPUFA 补充剂，共 12 周。在干预前后采集血液和尿液样本，并使用 d2 注意力测试评估注意力表现。协方差分析（ANCOVA）评估了各组之间生物标志物变化的差异，线性混合模型则用于分析注意力表现和生物标志物。该试验在 ClinicalTrials.gov（NCT02350322）注册。
基线时，ω-3 指数的平均值为 5.8±1.3%，并且 54%的人存在血清（s）-25（OH）D 缺乏、10%的人存在 s-铁蛋白缺乏和 40%的人存在尿碘浓度（UIC）缺乏。干预后 DHA 和 ω-3 指数增加，补充组的增加幅度大于鱼组和肉组（P<0.01），鱼组大于肉组（P<0.01）。各组间 25（OH）D、s-铁蛋白或 UIC 的变化无差异。生物标志物均未介导 d2 测试中的表现。在基线时，食用油性鱼和健康的饮食模式与处理速度评分相关。
这些结果表明，挪威青少年的重要营养素摄入不足，这可以通过食用油性鱼或 n-3 LCPUFA 补充剂来改善。然而，营养状况与注意力 d2 测试的分数无关。
