Saarikallio Suvi Helinä, Randall William M, Baltazar Margarida
Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jan 8;10:2911. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02911. eCollection 2019.
Sense of agency refers to the ability to influence one's functioning and environment, relating to self-efficacy, and wellbeing. In youth, agency may be challenged by external demands or redefinition of self-image. Music, having heightened relevance for the young, has been argued to provide feelings of self-agency for them. Yet, there is little empirical research on how music impacts adolescents' daily sense of agency. The current study investigated whether music listening influences adolescents' perceived agency in everyday life and which contextual determinants would explain such an influence. Participants were 44 adolescents (48% female, 36% with training in music, mean age 14), recruited through local schools. The mobile Experience Sampling app MuPsych was used to collect brief self-reports of personal music listening experiences during daily life. This method assessed the change in the listener's perceived control over both their emotional states (internal agency), and their external environment (external agency), over 5 min of music listening. Also measured were changes in mood states, and contextual variables (social situation, concurrent activity, and reason for listening). The impact of music on the sense of agency was analyzed using multilevel structural equation modeling. There was no general increase of agency across all music episodes, but agency fluctuations were determined by specific contextual factors. External agency change was predicted negatively by changing environments, while internal agency change was predicted by initial mood and various reasons for listening, including for enjoyment, coping, and enhancing current mood state. Our findings confirmed the plasticity and situational embeddedness of the sense of agency. Music indeed can support agency, but the impact is dependent on a range of situational factors. Sense of agency can be seen as a health resource and significant part of youth development, and current findings provide new insight into when and by which conditions such affordance is likely to be employed.
能动感是指影响自身机能和环境的能力，与自我效能感和幸福感相关。在青少年时期，能动感可能会受到外部要求或自我形象重新定义的挑战。音乐与年轻人的关联更为紧密，有人认为音乐能为他们提供自我能动感。然而，关于音乐如何影响青少年日常能动感的实证研究却很少。本研究调查了听音乐是否会影响青少年在日常生活中的能动感认知，以及哪些情境因素能够解释这种影响。研究参与者为44名青少年（48%为女性，36%接受过音乐训练，平均年龄14岁），通过当地学校招募而来。使用移动体验抽样应用程序MuPsych收集日常生活中个人音乐聆听体验的简短自我报告。该方法评估了听众在5分钟音乐聆听过程中对自身情绪状态（内部能动性）和外部环境（外部能动性）的感知控制变化。同时还测量了情绪状态的变化以及情境变量（社交情境、同时进行的活动和聆听原因）。使用多层次结构方程模型分析音乐对能动感的影响。在所有音乐片段中，能动感并没有普遍增加，但能动感的波动是由特定的情境因素决定的。外部环境的变化对外部能动性的变化有负面预测作用，而内部能动性的变化则由初始情绪和各种聆听原因预测，包括享受、应对和改善当前情绪状态。我们的研究结果证实了能动感的可塑性和情境嵌入性。音乐确实可以支持能动感，但这种影响取决于一系列情境因素。能动感可被视为一种健康资源和青少年发展的重要组成部分，当前的研究结果为这种能力在何时以及何种条件下可能被运用提供了新的见解。
