Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Free Radic Res. 2020 Mar;54(2-3):105-125. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1726343. Epub 2020 Feb 18.
Beneficial effect of regular moderate physical exercise (PE) and negative effect of severe exercise and/or overtraining as an activator of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) have been shown in numerous aspects of human health, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, depression, and some types of cancer. Moderate-to-vigorous PE stimulates the SNS activation, releasing catecholamines (CATs) adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine that play an important regulatory and modulatory actions by affecting metabolic processes and the immune system. Summary of the dispersed literature in this area and explanation of the biological mechanisms operating between PE-CATs and the immune system would lead to a better understanding of the beneficial and negative effects of PE on health. This overview aimed to: demonstrate representative literature findings on the exercise released CATs levels, major functions performed by these hormones, their interactions with the immune system and their effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Also, mechanisms of cytotoxic free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during CATs oxidation, and molecular mechanisms of CATs response to exercise are discussed to demonstrate positive and negative on human health effects. Owing to the large body of the subject literature, we present a representative cross-section of the published studies in this area. The results show a significant role of CATs in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immunity and as generators of ROS, depending on PE intensity and duration. Further investigation of the PE-CATs relationship should validate CATs levels to optimize safe intensity and duration of exercise and individualize their prescription, considering CATs to be applied as markers for a dose of exercise. Also, a better understanding of the biological mechanisms is also needed.
定期适度的体育锻炼（PE）有益，而剧烈运动和/或过度训练会激活交感神经系统（SNS），从而产生负面影响，这已在人类健康的诸多方面得到了证实，包括降低心血管疾病、神经疾病、抑郁和某些类型癌症的风险。中等至剧烈的 PE 会刺激 SNS 激活，释放儿茶酚胺（CATs）肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺，这些物质通过影响代谢过程和免疫系统发挥重要的调节作用。对该领域分散文献的总结和对 PE-CATs 与免疫系统之间运行的生物学机制的解释，将有助于更好地理解 PE 对健康的有益和负面影响。本综述旨在：展示有关运动释放的 CATs 水平的代表性文献发现，这些激素的主要功能，它们与免疫系统的相互作用以及它们对碳水化合物和脂质代谢的影响。还讨论了 CATs 氧化过程中细胞毒性自由基和活性氧（ROS）生成的机制，以及 CATs 对运动的反应的分子机制，以证明对人类健康的积极和消极影响。由于该主题文献数量庞大，我们仅呈现了该领域已发表研究的代表性综述。结果表明，CATs 在碳水化合物和脂质代谢、免疫以及作为 ROS 生成剂方面具有重要作用，这取决于 PE 的强度和持续时间。进一步研究 PE-CATs 之间的关系，应验证 CATs 水平，以优化安全的运动强度和持续时间，并根据 CATs 作为运动剂量的标志物来实现个体化运动处方。此外，还需要深入了解生物学机制。
