Brahmand Masoud Binesh, Yunesian Masud, Nabizadeh Ramin, Nasseri Simin, Alimohammadi Mahmood, Rastkari Noushin
1Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of research methodology and data analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2019 Sep 3;17(2):817-825. doi: 10.1007/s40201-019-00398-3. eCollection 2019 Dec.
The most common method of combating insects in low-income communities and developing countries, is the use of insecticides. The use of organophosphate insecticides is increasing due to their low prices and availability on the market. Chlorpyrifos is a medium-risk insecticide for human. The widespread use of organophosphorus insecticides, especially chlorpyrifos, in residential homes has undoubtedly created many health concerns. Babies have a high sensitivity to pesticides and environmental contaminants because of their evolutionary status. On the other hand, the main source of infants' exposure who are breast-fed exclusively to environmental pollutants is through breast milk and oral contact with objects that are covered with dust and particles.
In this cross-sectional study, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in breast milk and its metabolite in urine samples of mothers and their under six months infants, feeding exclusively by breast milk in north of Iran have been investigated. The demographic data was collected through interviewing with selected mothers and completion of prepared data collecting forms. The data were statistically analyzed to investigate the relationships between exposure of mothers and their infants to chlorpyrifos.
The mean concentration of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite in mothers' urine and milk samples and infant's urines were 1.3 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 1.4 and 1.4 ± 0.7 μg/L, respectively. Also, the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos in the dust on the house floors was73.4 ± 49 ng/g. There are good correlations between the mean values of chlorpyrifos concentrations and its metabolite in mother's milk and urine (r = 0.872, = 0.001), and the mother's milk and infant's urine (r = 0.722, p = 0.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of chlorpyrifos in floor dust and its metabolites in the infant's urine (r = 0.554, = 0.001).
Our study suggests that the infants are the recipient of concentrated forms of chlorpyrifos residues through breast milk and house dust and it is quite well known that OP pesticides are toxic and have different kinds of adverse health effects. However, further research needs to be done to determine what these chemicals are doing to our children.
在低收入社区和发展中国家，防治昆虫最常用的方法是使用杀虫剂。由于有机磷杀虫剂价格低廉且市场上容易获取，其使用量正在增加。毒死蜱对人类来说是一种中等风险的杀虫剂。有机磷杀虫剂，尤其是毒死蜱，在住宅中的广泛使用无疑引发了许多健康问题。由于婴儿的发育状况，他们对农药和环境污染物高度敏感。另一方面，纯母乳喂养的婴儿接触环境污染物的主要来源是母乳以及与布满灰尘和微粒的物体的口腔接触。
在这项横断面研究中，对伊朗北部纯母乳喂养的母亲及其6个月以下婴儿的母乳中毒死蜱浓度及其尿液中的代谢物进行了调查。通过与选定的母亲面谈并填写准备好的数据收集表格来收集人口统计学数据。对数据进行统计分析，以研究母亲及其婴儿接触毒死蜱之间的关系。
母亲尿液和乳汁样本以及婴儿尿液中毒死蜱及其代谢物的平均浓度分别为1.3±0.6、2.1±1.4和1.4±0.7μg/L。此外，房屋地板灰尘中毒死蜱的平均浓度为73.4±49ng/g。母乳和尿液中毒死蜱浓度及其代谢物的平均值之间存在良好的相关性（r=0.872，p=0.001），母乳和婴儿尿液之间也存在良好的相关性（r=0.722，p=0.001）。此外，地板灰尘中毒死蜱浓度与其在婴儿尿液中的代谢物之间存在显著相关性（r=0.554，p=0.001）。
我们的研究表明，婴儿通过母乳和室内灰尘接受了浓缩形式的毒死蜱残留，而且众所周知，有机磷农药有毒，会产生各种不良健康影响。然而，需要进一步研究以确定这些化学物质对我们的孩子有何影响。
