Tryjanowski Piotr, Hetman Mateusz, Czechowski Paweł, Grzywaczewski Grzegorz, Sklenicka Petr, Ziemblińska Klaudia, Sparks Tim H
Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71 C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
Animals (Basel). 2020 Feb 9;10(2):270. doi: 10.3390/ani10020270.
Ethanol is a natural by-product of the fermentation process of fruit sugars and is occasionally consumed by fruit-eating and tree sap drinking birds. Information on this form of alcohol consumption features in the scientific literature. However, as pets or as wild animals living close to humans in urban habitats, birds have increasing possibilities to consume alcohol from beverages, such as beer, wine or spirits. Some observations have been discussed in a light-hearted manner in mass media and social media, but without any generalization of why some bird species drink the beverages intentionally or unintentionally provided by humans. To check which species and in what circumstances birds drink alcohol and how this is evaluated by humans, we reviewed the scientific literature and analysed videos from YouTube. In total we found and analysed 8 scientific papers and 179 YouTube videos, from which we identified at least 55 species (in some cases not all birds were identified to species level), 11 in the scientific literature and 47 in videos. The distribution of these species over the avian phylogenetic tree suggests that the origin of this convergent behaviour is mainly by human influence. The two data sources differed in the species covered. Videos typically presented interactions of birds with human-provided alcoholic beverages, and were dominated by two groups of intelligent birds: parrots and corvids. The popularity of YouTube videos for a particular species was positively correlated with the general popularity of the species as measured by the number of hits (results listed) on Google. Human responses to the videos were generally very positive and we analysed how the responses were influenced by factors derived from viewing the videos. Moreover, YouTube videos also provide information on at least 47 new bird species not previously mentioned as using alcohol, and our results suggest that parrots in particular can be potentially good candidates for future restricted laboratory studies on the effect of ethanol on birds and their relationship with humans.
乙醇是水果糖分发酵过程的天然副产品，偶尔会被食果和吸食树液的鸟类摄入。科学文献中有关于这种酒精摄入形式的信息。然而，作为宠物或生活在城市栖息地中与人类亲近的野生动物，鸟类越来越有可能从啤酒、葡萄酒或烈酒等饮料中摄入酒精。一些观察结果在大众媒体和社交媒体上以轻松的方式进行了讨论，但没有对某些鸟类有意或无意饮用人类提供的饮料的原因进行任何归纳总结。为了查明哪些鸟类物种在何种情况下会饮用酒精以及人类对此如何评价，我们查阅了科学文献并分析了来自YouTube的视频。我们总共找到并分析了8篇科学论文和179个YouTube视频，从中我们确定了至少55个物种（在某些情况下，并非所有鸟类都被鉴定到物种级别），科学文献中有11个，视频中有47个。这些物种在鸟类系统发育树上的分布表明，这种趋同行为的起源主要是受人类影响。这两个数据源所涵盖的物种有所不同。视频通常展示鸟类与人类提供的酒精饮料的互动，主要是两类聪明的鸟类：鹦鹉和鸦科鸟类。YouTube视频中某个特定物种的受欢迎程度与该物种通过谷歌上的点击量（列出的结果）衡量的总体受欢迎程度呈正相关。人类对这些视频的反应总体上非常积极，我们分析了这些反应是如何受到观看视频所衍生因素的影响。此外，YouTube视频还提供了关于至少47种此前未被提及使用酒精的新鸟类物种的信息，我们的结果表明，特别是鹦鹉可能是未来关于乙醇对鸟类影响及其与人类关系的受限实验室研究的潜在良好候选对象。
