ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284 003, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Apr;27(10):10160-10184. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07949-4. Epub 2020 Feb 14.
Rising global population would force farmers to amplify food production substantially in upcoming 3-4 decades. The easiest way to increase grain production is through expanding cropping area by clearing uncultivated land. This is attained by permitting deadly loss of carbon (C) stocks, jeopardizing ecosystem biodiversity and deteriorating environmental quality. We aim to propose key agronomical tactics, livestock management strategy and advance approaches for aquaculture to increase productivity and simultaneously reduce the environmental impacts of farming sector. For this, we considered three major sectors of farming, i.e. agriculture, fishery and dairy. We collected literatures stating approaches or technologies that could reduce GHG emission from these sectors. Thereafter, we synthesized strategies or options that are more feasible and accessible for inclusion in farm sector to reduce GHG emission. Having comprehensively reviewed several publications, we propose potential strategies to reduce GHG emission. Agronomic practices like crop diversification, reducing summer fallow, soil organic carbon sequestration, tillage and crop residue management and inclusion of N-fixing pulses in crop rotations are some of those. Livestock management through changing animals' diets, optimal use of the gas produced from manures, frequent and complete manure removal from animal housing and aquaculture management strategies to improve fish health and improve feed conversion efficiency could reduce their GHG emission footprint too. Adapting of effective and economic practices GHG emission footprint reduction potential of farming sector could make farming sector a C neutral enterprise. To overcome the ecological, technological and institutional barriers, policy on trade, tax, grazing practice and GHG pricing should be implemented properly.
全球人口的增长将迫使农民在未来 30-40 年内大幅提高粮食产量。增加粮食产量的最简单方法是通过开垦未开垦的土地来扩大种植面积。这是通过允许碳（C）储量的致命损失来实现的，这危及生态系统生物多样性并恶化环境质量。我们旨在提出关键的农艺策略、牲畜管理策略和水产养殖的先进方法，以提高生产力，同时减少农业部门对环境的影响。为此，我们考虑了农业、渔业和奶制品三个主要的农业部门。我们收集了表明可以减少这些部门温室气体排放的方法或技术的文献。然后，我们综合了更可行和可用于减少农业部门温室气体排放的策略或选择。在对几篇出版物进行全面审查后，我们提出了减少温室气体排放的潜在策略。农艺措施，如作物多样化、减少夏季休耕、土壤有机碳固存、耕作和作物残茬管理以及在作物轮作中加入固氮豆类，都是其中的一部分。通过改变动物的饮食、充分利用粪便产生的气体、频繁和彻底地从动物圈舍中清除粪便以及水产养殖管理策略来改善鱼类健康和提高饲料转化率，也可以减少其温室气体排放足迹。适应有效的和经济的实践可以减少农业部门的温室气体排放足迹，使农业部门成为碳中和企业。为了克服生态、技术和制度障碍，应适当实施关于贸易、税收、放牧实践和温室气体定价的政策。
