Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
Parasit Vectors. 2020 Feb 19;13(1):91. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-3939-0.
The international movement of used tyres is a major factor responsible for global introductions of Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) (Diptera: Culicidae) that are major disease vectors (e.g. dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever). Surveillance methods are restricted by expense, availability and efficiency to detect all life stages. Currently, no tested method exists to screen imported used tyres for eggs in diapause, the life stage most at risk from accidental introduction. Here we test the efficiency of adhesive tape as an affordable and readily available material to screen tyres for eggs, testing its effect on hatch rate, larval development, DNA amplification and structural damage on the egg surface.
We demonstrated that the properties of adhesive tape can influence pick up of dormant eggs attached to dry surfaces. Tapes with high levels of adhesion, such as duct tape, removed eggs with high levels of efficiency (97% ± 3.14). Egg numbers collected from cleaned used tyres were found to explain larval hatch rate success well, particularly in subsequent larval to adult emergence experiments. The strength of this relationship decreased when we tested dirty tyres. Damage to the exochorion was observed following scanning electron microscopy (SEM), possibly resulting in the high variance in the observed model. We found that five days was the optimal time for eggs to remain on all tested tapes for maximum return on hatch rate success. Tape type did not inhibit amplification of DNA of eggs from three, five or ten days of exposure. Using this DNA, genotyping of AIMs was possible using species-specific markers.
We demonstrated for the first time that adhesive tapes are effective at removing AIM eggs from tyres. We propose that this method could be a standardised tool for surveillance to provide public health authorities and researchers with an additional method to screen tyre cargo. We provide a screening protocol for this purpose. This method has a global applicability and in turn can lead to increased predictability of introductions and improve screening methods at high risk entry points.
废旧轮胎的国际流动是导致埃及伊蚊（Aedes invasive mosquitoes，AIMs）（双翅目：蚊科）在全球传播的主要因素，埃及伊蚊是主要的病媒（例如登革热、寨卡病毒、基孔肯雅热和黄热病）。监测方法受到费用、可用性和效率的限制，无法检测到所有的生活阶段。目前，尚无经过测试的方法可以筛选出处于休眠状态的进口废旧轮胎中的虫卵，而休眠状态的虫卵最容易在意外引入时受到影响。在这里，我们测试了胶带作为一种经济实惠且易于获得的材料来筛选轮胎中的虫卵的效率，测试了其对孵化率、幼虫发育、DNA 扩增和卵表面结构损伤的影响。
我们证明了胶带的特性会影响附着在干燥表面上的休眠卵的采集。粘性较高的胶带，如电工胶带，能够高效地去除虫卵（97%±3.14%）。从清洁的废旧轮胎中收集的卵数量与幼虫孵化成功率密切相关，尤其是在后续的幼虫到成虫的出现实验中。当我们测试脏轮胎时，这种关系的强度会降低。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察到卵外壳受损，这可能导致观察到的模型存在较大差异。我们发现，对于最大程度地提高孵化成功率，所有测试的胶带在五天内放置卵的效果最佳。胶带类型不会抑制暴露三、五或十天的卵的 DNA 扩增。使用这种 DNA，可以使用特定于物种的标记对 AIMs 进行基因分型。
我们首次证明了胶带可以有效地从轮胎上清除 AIM 虫卵。我们建议，这种方法可以成为一种标准化的监测工具，为公共卫生当局和研究人员提供另一种筛选轮胎货物的方法。为此，我们提供了一个筛选方案。这种方法具有全球适用性，从而可以提高预测引入的能力，并改善高风险入境点的筛选方法。
