Mitima-Verloop Huibertha B, Boelen Paul A, Mooren Trudy T M
ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands.
Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020 Jan 13;11(1):1701226. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1701226. eCollection 2020.
Collective commemoration in response to war or disaster is widespread across time and cultures. It is assumed to support those affected by the disruptive event to cope with their experiences. However, the actual relationship between commemoration and mental health outcomes is complicated and evidence of healing effects remains elusive. By applying a scoping review approach, this article maps empirical studies that focus on commemoration from a psychological perspective. Within five electronic databases, 415 unique articles were identified, of which 26 met the predetermined inclusion criteria, i.e. presenting empirical data on the subject of war or large-scale violence and commemoration in relation to posttraumatic stress (PTS) and grief reactions. The data were extracted and analysed according to the five steps of a systematic scoping review. Results varied, with both negative and positive effects of commemoration on PTS and grief reactions being reported. Based on these findings we propose an evidence-informed model that distinguishes different aspects influencing the linkage between commemoration and PTS and grief reactions. The following aspects are distinguished: contextual factors, including political and cultural context, individual characteristics and facilitating mechanism, including expression, recognition, support, meaning-making and personal memories. The proposed model needs to be tested and validated by further quantitative research. This will allow social workers and policy makers to make well-informed decisions about commemorative events that may benefit fractured communities as well as individuals.
针对战争或灾难的集体纪念活动在不同时代和文化中都很普遍。人们认为它能帮助受破坏性事件影响的人应对自身经历。然而，纪念活动与心理健康结果之间的实际关系很复杂，治愈效果的证据仍然难以捉摸。通过应用范围综述方法，本文梳理了从心理学角度关注纪念活动的实证研究。在五个电子数据库中，共识别出415篇独特的文章，其中26篇符合预定的纳入标准，即呈现了关于战争或大规模暴力以及与创伤后应激（PTS）和悲伤反应相关的纪念活动主题的实证数据。根据系统范围综述的五个步骤对数据进行了提取和分析。结果各不相同，既有纪念活动对PTS和悲伤反应产生负面影响的报道，也有正面影响的报道。基于这些发现，我们提出了一个基于证据的模型，该模型区分了影响纪念活动与PTS和悲伤反应之间联系的不同方面。区分了以下几个方面：背景因素，包括政治和文化背景、个体特征；促进机制，包括表达、认可、支持、意义建构和个人记忆。所提出的模型需要通过进一步的定量研究进行检验和验证。这将使社会工作者和政策制定者能够就可能使分裂的社区以及个人受益的纪念活动做出明智的决策。
