Department of Psychology and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Program in History of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
J Hist Neurosci. 2020 Jul-Sep;29(3):325-338. doi: 10.1080/0964704X.2020.1732779. Epub 2020 Mar 5.
Franz Joseph Gall believed that the two cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and functionally similar, so much so that one could substitute for the other following unilateral injuries. He presented this belief during the 1790s in his early public lectures in Vienna, when traveling through Europe between 1805 and 1807, and in the two sets of books he published after settling in France. Gall seemed to derive his ideas about laterality independently of French anatomist Marie François Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), who formulated his "law of symmetry" at about the same time. He would, however, later cite Bichat, whose ideas about mental derangement were different from his own and who also attempted to explain handedness, a subject on which Gall remained silent. The concept of cerebral symmetry would be displaced by mounting clinical evidence for the hemispheres being functionally different, but neither Gall nor Bichat would live to witness the advent of the concept of cerebral dominance.
弗朗茨·约瑟夫·加尔认为，两个大脑半球在解剖学和功能上是相似的，以至于在单侧损伤后，一个半球可以替代另一个半球。他在 1790 年代的维也纳早期公开讲座中提出了这一观点，1805 年至 1807 年期间在欧洲旅行时，以及在定居法国后出版的两套书中也提出了这一观点。加尔似乎独立于法国解剖学家玛丽·弗朗索瓦·泽维尔·比夏特（Marie François Xavier Bichat，1771-1802 年）提出了关于侧化的观点，后者在同一时期提出了“对称定律”。然而，他后来引用了比夏特的观点，比夏特的精神错乱观念与他自己的不同，他也试图解释利手性，而加尔对此保持沉默。随着越来越多的临床证据表明大脑半球在功能上存在差异，大脑对称的概念逐渐被取代，但加尔和比夏特都没有亲眼目睹大脑优势概念的出现。
