Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
Health Sciences University Bakırköy Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Turkey
Turk J Ophthalmol. 2020 Mar 5;50(1):37-43. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.78989.
Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly and making its way into all areas of our lives. This review discusses developments and potential practices regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the field of ophthalmology, and the related topic of medical ethics. Various artificial intelligence applications related to the diagnosis of eye diseases were researched in books, journals, search engines, print and social media. Resources were cross-checked to verify the information. Artificial intelligence algorithms, some of which were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, have been adopted in the field of ophthalmology, especially in diagnostic studies. Studies are being conducted that prove that artificial intelligence algorithms can be used in the field of ophthalmology, especially in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity. Some of these algorithms have come to the approval stage. The current point in artificial intelligence studies shows that this technology has advanced considerably and shows promise for future work. It is believed that artificial intelligence applications will be effective in identifying patients with preventable vision loss and directing them to physicians, especially in developing countries where there are fewer trained professionals and physicians are difficult to reach. When we consider the possibility that some future artificial intelligence systems may be candidates for moral/ethical status, certain ethical issues arise. Questions about moral/ethical status are important in some areas of applied ethics. Although it is accepted that current intelligence systems do not have moral/ethical status, it has yet to be determined what the exact the characteristics that confer moral/ethical status are or will be.
人工智能正在迅速发展，并渗透到我们生活的各个领域。本综述讨论了人工智能在眼科领域的应用以及相关的医学伦理问题的发展和潜在实践。在书籍、期刊、搜索引擎、印刷品和社交媒体中研究了与眼部疾病诊断相关的各种人工智能应用。对资源进行了交叉检查以验证信息。一些已获得美国食品和药物管理局批准的人工智能算法已在眼科领域得到应用，尤其是在诊断研究中。正在进行的研究证明，人工智能算法可用于眼科领域，特别是在糖尿病视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性和早产儿视网膜病变中。其中一些算法已经进入批准阶段。人工智能研究的当前阶段表明，这项技术已经取得了相当大的进展，为未来的工作带来了希望。人们相信，人工智能应用将有效地识别出可预防视力丧失的患者，并将其引导至医生处，尤其是在专业人员较少且医生难以接触的发展中国家。当我们考虑到某些未来的人工智能系统可能具有道德/伦理地位的可能性时，就会出现某些伦理问题。道德/伦理地位的问题在某些应用伦理学领域很重要。尽管人们普遍认为当前的智能系统没有道德/伦理地位，但尚未确定赋予道德/伦理地位的确切特征是什么，或者将来会是什么。
