Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020 May;23(3):223-227. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000650.
Humans and their commensal microbiota coexist in a complex ecosystem molded by evolutionary and ecological factors. Ecological opportunity is the prospective, lineage-specific characteristic of an environment that contains both niche availability leading to persistence coupled with niche discordance that drives selection within that lineage. The newborn gut ecosystem presents vast ecological opportunity. Herein, factors affecting perinatal infant microbiome composition are discussed.
Establishing a healthy microbiota in early life is required for immunological programming and prevention of both short-term and long-term health outcomes. The holobiont theory infers that host genetics contributes to microbiome composition. However, in most human studies, environmental factors are predominantly responsible for microbiome composition and function. Key perinatal elements are route of delivery, diet and the environment in which that infant resides. Vaginal delivery seeds an initial microbiome, and breastfeeding refines the community by providing additional microbes, human milk oligosaccharides and immunological proteins.
Early life represents an opportunity to implement clinical practices that promote the optimal seeding and feeding of the gut microbial ecosystem. These include reducing nonemergent cesarean deliveries, avoiding the use of antibiotics, and promoting exclusive breastfeeding.
人类与其共生微生物群共同存在于一个由进化和生态因素塑造的复杂生态系统中。生态机会是指环境的前瞻性、谱系特异性特征，其中包含导致持续存在的生态位可用性，以及导致谱系内选择的生态位不和谐。新生肠道生态系统提供了巨大的生态机会。本文讨论了影响围产期婴儿微生物组组成的因素。
在生命早期建立健康的微生物群对于免疫编程以及预防短期和长期健康结果至关重要。整体生物理论推断宿主遗传学对微生物组组成有影响。然而，在大多数人类研究中，环境因素主要负责微生物组的组成和功能。关键的围产期因素包括分娩方式、饮食以及婴儿所处的环境。阴道分娩会定植初始微生物群，而母乳喂养通过提供额外的微生物、人乳寡糖和免疫蛋白来完善菌群。
生命早期是实施临床实践的机会，可以促进肠道微生物生态系统的最佳定植和喂养。这些实践包括减少非紧急剖宫产、避免使用抗生素和提倡纯母乳喂养。
