Department of Psychology, Stanford University.
Top Cogn Sci. 2021 Apr;13(2):329-350. doi: 10.1111/tops.12496. Epub 2020 Mar 22.
For people to communicate with each other, they must tie, or anchor, each of their utterances to the speaker, addressees, place, time, display, and purpose of that utterance. Doing this takes coordination. Producers must index each of these entities for their addressees, and addressees must identify each of the entities the producers are indexing. When people are face to face, they have a battery of resources for doing this-speech, gestures of all kinds, and interactive strategies. But when addressees are separated from producers in space, time, or worlds, as on the telephone or in print, the available resources are more limited. The problem is that research on comprehension, production, and communication has often ignored, disguised, or distorted anchoring. As a result, accounts of these processes are often incomplete, misleading, or incorrect.
为了使人们能够相互交流，他们必须将每一次的言语与说话者、听话者、地点、时间、展示和言语目的联系起来。这样做需要协调。说话者必须为听话者索引这些实体，而听话者必须识别说话者正在索引的每个实体。当人们面对面时，他们有一系列的资源来做到这一点——言语、各种手势和互动策略。但是，当听话者在空间、时间或世界上与说话者分离时，例如在电话或印刷品中，可用的资源就更加有限。问题是，关于理解、生成和交流的研究往往忽略、掩饰或扭曲了这种联系。因此，这些过程的描述往往是不完整的、误导的或不正确的。
