Bauer Ilena, Hartkopf Julia, Kullmann Stephanie, Schleger Franziska, Hallschmid Manfred, Pauluschke-Fröhlich Jan, Fritsche Andreas, Preissl Hubert
Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen/fMEG Center, Tübingen, Germany.
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020 Mar 16;6(1):e000658. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000658. eCollection 2020.
Before and during pregnancy, women often aim to improve their lifestyle so as to provide a healthier environment for their developing child. It remains unresolved, however, as to whether physical activity (PA) during pregnancy poses a possible risk or whether it might even have beneficial effects on the developing child. There is increasing evidence that PA during pregnancy is indeed beneficial to maternal physiological and psychological health and that it is generally not detrimental to the fetal cardiovascular system and neuronal function in the developing child. This also led to international recommendations for PAs during pregnancy. In the current review, we aimed to comprehensively assess the evidence of beneficial and harmful effects of maternal PA, including high-performance sports, on fetal development. The different mental and body-based relaxation techniques presented here are frequently performed during pregnancy. We found a considerable number of studies addressing these issues. In general, neither low key, moderate maternal PA nor relaxation techniques were observed to have a harmful effect on the developing child. However, we identified some forms of PA which could have at least a transient unfavourable effect. Notably, the literature currently available does not provide enough evidence to enable us to make a general conclusive statement on this subject. This is due to the lack of longitudinal studies on the metabolic and cognitive effects of regular PA during pregnancy and the wide diversity of methods used. In particular, the kind of PA investigated in each study differed from study to study.
在怀孕前及怀孕期间，女性通常旨在改善自身生活方式，以便为发育中的胎儿提供更健康的环境。然而，孕期体育活动（PA）是否会带来潜在风险，或者它对发育中的胎儿是否可能具有有益影响，这一问题仍未得到解决。越来越多的证据表明，孕期体育活动确实有益于母亲的生理和心理健康，并且一般对发育中胎儿的心血管系统和神经功能无害。这也促成了关于孕期体育活动的国际建议。在本综述中，我们旨在全面评估母亲体育活动（包括高强度运动）对胎儿发育的有益和有害影响的证据。这里介绍的不同的基于精神和身体的放松技巧在孕期经常被采用。我们发现有大量研究涉及这些问题。总体而言，无论是低强度、适度的母亲体育活动还是放松技巧，均未观察到对发育中的胎儿有有害影响。然而，我们确定了某些形式的体育活动可能至少会产生短暂的不利影响。值得注意的是，目前的文献并未提供足够的证据，使我们能够就该主题做出一般性的结论性陈述。这是由于缺乏关于孕期定期体育活动的代谢和认知影响的纵向研究，以及所使用方法的广泛多样性。特别是，每项研究中所调查的体育活动类型各不相同。
