Yadav Pragya D, Raut Chandrashekhar G, Patil Deepak Y, D Majumdar Triparna, Mourya Devendra T
Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India.
Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci. 2014;84(1):9-18. doi: 10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3. Epub 2013 Jun 26.
India is considered as a hot spot for emerging infectious diseases. In the recent past many infectious diseases of emerging and re-emerging nature have entered this subcontinent and affected a large number of populations. A few examples are Nipah, Avian influenza, Pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus and Chikungunya virus. These diseases have not only affected human and animal health but also economy of the country on a very large scale. During December 2010, National Institute of Virology, Pune detected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus specific IgG antibodies in livestock serum samples from Gujarat and Rajasthan states. Subsequently, during January 2011 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was confirmed in a nosocomial outbreak, in Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. Retrospective investigation of suspected human samples confirmed that the virus was present in Gujarat state, earlier to this outbreak. This disease has a case fatality rate ranging from 5 to 80 %. Earlier presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies have been detected in animal sera from Jammu and Kashmir, the western border districts, southern regions and Maharashtra state of India. The evidences of virus activity and antibodies were observed during and after the outbreak in human beings, ticks and domestic animals (buffalo, cattle, goat and sheep) from Gujarat State of India. During the year 2012, this virus was again reported in human beings and animals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the four isolates of 2011, as well as the S segment from specimen of 2010 and 2012 were highly conserved and clustered together in the Asian/Middle East genotype IV. The S segment of South-Asia 2 type was closest to a Tajikistan strain TADJ/HU8966 of 1990. The present scenario in India suggests the need to look seriously into various important aspects of this zoonotic disease, which includes diagnosis, intervention, patient management, control of laboratory acquired and nosocomial infection, tick control, livestock survey and this, should be done in priority before it further spreads to other states. Being a high risk group pathogen, diagnosis is a major concern in India where only a few Biosafety level 3 laboratories exist and it needs to be addressed immediately before this disease becomes endemic in India.
印度被视为新兴传染病的热点地区。在最近，许多新出现和再次出现的传染病进入了这个次大陆，并影响了大量人口。一些例子包括尼帕病毒、禽流感、大流行性流感、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒和基孔肯雅病毒。这些疾病不仅影响了人类和动物健康，还在很大程度上影响了该国的经济。2010年12月期间，浦那的国家病毒学研究所从古吉拉特邦和拉贾斯坦邦的牲畜血清样本中检测到克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒特异性IgG抗体。随后，在2011年1月，印度古吉拉特邦艾哈迈达巴德的一次医院内疫情中确诊了克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒。对疑似人类样本的回顾性调查证实，在此次疫情之前，该病毒就已存在于古吉拉特邦。这种疾病的病死率在5%至80%之间。此前在印度查谟和克什米尔、西部边境地区、南部地区以及马哈拉施特拉邦的动物血清中检测到了血凝抑制抗体。在印度古吉拉特邦的人类、蜱虫和家畜（水牛、牛、山羊和绵羊）疫情期间及之后观察到了病毒活动和抗体的证据。2012年，该病毒再次在人类和动物中被报告。系统发育分析表明，2011年的所有四个分离株以及2010年和2012年样本的S片段高度保守，并聚集在亚洲/中东基因型IV中。南亚2型的S片段与1990年的塔吉克斯坦毒株TADJ/HU8966最为接近。印度目前的情况表明，有必要认真研究这种人畜共患病的各个重要方面，包括诊断、干预、患者管理、实验室获得性感染和医院感染的控制、蜱虫控制、牲畜调查，并且应该在它进一步传播到其他邦之前优先进行。作为一种高风险群体病原体，诊断在印度是一个主要问题，因为印度只有少数几个生物安全3级实验室，并且在这种疾病在印度成为地方病之前需要立即解决这个问题。
