Desselberger Ulrich
is an Honorary Senior Visiting Fellow, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Competing interests: none declared.
Medicine (Abingdon). 2017 Nov;45(11):690-694. doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.08.005. Epub 2017 Oct 10.
This article reviews the virology, immunology and epidemiology of the most common viral causes of acute gastroenteritis (rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses). Clinical symptoms range from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening dehydration, and rotavirus disease is a major cause of childhood mortality, mainly in developing countries. The diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures are reviewed. Uncommon viral causes of acute gastroenteritis and viruses causing gastroenteritis in immunodeficient patients are also discussed. Two live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq) have been licensed in >100 countries since 2006 and used in universal mass vaccination (UMV) programmes. In addition, a new rotavirus vaccine was licensed in India in 2015 for UMV. Although rotavirus vaccines are highly effective in industrialized countries, they are less so in low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Vaccines against human norovirus disease are under development. Major progress has recently been made in basic research on rotaviruses and human caliciviruses.
本文综述了急性胃肠炎最常见病毒病因（轮状病毒、人杯状病毒、星状病毒、肠道腺病毒）的病毒学、免疫学及流行病学。临床症状从轻度腹泻到危及生命的脱水不等，轮状病毒疾病是儿童死亡的主要原因，主要发生在发展中国家。文中对诊断、治疗及预防措施进行了综述。还讨论了急性胃肠炎不常见的病毒病因以及免疫缺陷患者中引起胃肠炎的病毒。自2006年以来，两种减毒活轮状病毒疫苗（Rotarix、RotaTeq）已在100多个国家获得许可，并用于全球大规模疫苗接种（UMV）计划。此外，2015年一种新型轮状病毒疫苗在印度获得许可用于UMV。尽管轮状病毒疫苗在工业化国家非常有效，但在撒哈拉以南非洲和东南亚的低收入国家效果较差。针对人诺如病毒疾病的疫苗正在研发中。最近在轮状病毒和人杯状病毒的基础研究方面取得了重大进展。
