Ishikawa Takuji, Ueno Hironori, Omori Toshihiro, Kikuchi Kenji
Dept. Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan; Dept. Biomedical Eng., Graduate School of Biomedical Eng., Tohoku University, Japan.
Dept. Molecular Function and Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Japan.
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Feb;110:61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.007. Epub 2020 Apr 16.
Cilia and centrosomes of eukaryotic cells play important roles in cell movement, fluid transport, extracellular sensing, and chromosome division. The physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes are generated by their dynamics, motions, and forces controlled by the physical, chemical, and biological environments. How an individual cilium achieves its beat pattern and induces fluid flow is governed by its ultrastructure as well as the coordination of associated molecular motors. Thus, a bottom-up understanding of the physiological functions of cilia and centrosomes from the molecular to tissue levels is required. Correlations between the structure and motion can be understood in terms of mechanics. This review first focuses on cilia and centrosomes at the molecular level, introducing their ultrastructure. We then shift to the organelle level and introduce the kinematics and mechanics of cilia and centrosomes. Next, at the tissue level, we introduce nodal ciliary dynamics and nodal flow, which play crucial roles in the organogenetic process of left-right asymmetry. We also introduce respiratory ciliary dynamics and mucous flow, which are critical for protecting the epithelium from drying and exposure to harmful particles and viruses, i.e., respiratory clearance function. Finally, we discuss the future research directions in this field.
真核细胞的纤毛和中心体在细胞运动、液体运输、细胞外传感和染色体分裂中发挥着重要作用。纤毛和中心体的生理功能是由它们在物理、化学和生物环境控制下的动力学、运动和力所产生的。单个纤毛如何实现其摆动模式并诱导流体流动，取决于其超微结构以及相关分子马达的协调作用。因此，需要从分子到组织水平自下而上地理解纤毛和中心体的生理功能。结构与运动之间的相关性可以从力学角度来理解。本综述首先聚焦于分子水平的纤毛和中心体，介绍它们的超微结构。然后我们转向细胞器水平，介绍纤毛和中心体的运动学和力学。接下来，在组织水平，我们介绍在左右不对称器官发生过程中起关键作用的节点纤毛动力学和节点流。我们还介绍呼吸纤毛动力学和黏液流动，它们对于保护上皮组织免受干燥以及接触有害颗粒和病毒至关重要，即呼吸清除功能。最后，我们讨论该领域未来的研究方向。
