Yeomans M R, Re R, Wickham M, Lundholm H, Chambers L
School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
World Sugar Research Organisation, Reading, UK.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2016 Nov;40(11):1693-1698. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2016.112. Epub 2016 Jun 17.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Consumption of high-energy beverages has been implicated as a risk factor for weight gain, yet why nutrients ingested as beverages fail to generate adequate satiety remains unclear. In general, consumers do not expect drinks to be satiating, but drinks generate greater satiety when their sensory characteristics imply they may be filling. These findings challenge traditional bottom-up models of how gut-based satiety signals modify behaviour to suggest that beliefs at the point of ingestion modify gut-based satiety signalling.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: Healthy volunteers (n=23) consumed four different beverages, combining an overt sensory manipulation (thin, low sensory (LS) or thicker and more creamy, enhanced sensory (ES)) and covert nutrient manipulation (low energy (LE), 78 kcal; high energy (HE), 267 kcal) on different days. Effects on satiety were assessed through rated appetite and levels of glucose, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and cholesystokinin (CCK) recorded periodically over 90 min, and through intake at an ad libitum test lunch.
Intake at the test lunch and rated appetite were both altered by both the sensory and nutrient manipulations, with lowest intake and greatest suppression of hunger post-drink in the ESHE condition. Insulin increased more after HE than LE drinks, and after ES than LS drinks, whereas PP levels were higher after ES than LS versions. CCK levels only increased after the ESHE drink.
These data confirm acute sensitivity of satiety after consuming a drink both to the sensory characteristics and nutrient content of the drink, and suggest that this may be, at least in part, due to top-down modulation of release of satiety-related gut hormones.
背景/目的：高能量饮料的摄入被认为是体重增加的一个风险因素，然而为何作为饮料摄入的营养素不能产生足够的饱腹感仍不清楚。一般来说，消费者并不期望饮料具有饱腹感，但当饮料的感官特性表明它们可能会让人有饱腹感时，饮料会产生更强的饱腹感。这些发现挑战了传统的自下而上的模型，即基于肠道的饱腹感信号如何改变行为，表明摄入时的信念会改变基于肠道的饱腹感信号。
受试者/方法：23名健康志愿者在不同日期饮用四种不同的饮料，这些饮料结合了明显的感官操控（稀薄、低感官特性（LS）或更浓稠、更醇厚、增强感官特性（ES））和隐蔽的营养素操控（低能量（LE），78千卡；高能量（HE），267千卡）。通过评定的食欲以及在90分钟内定期记录的葡萄糖、胰岛素、胰多肽（PP）和胆囊收缩素（CCK）水平来评估对饱腹感的影响，并通过随意午餐测试中的摄入量来评估。
测试午餐时的摄入量和评定的食欲均受到感官和营养素操控的影响，在ESHE条件下，饮用后摄入量最低且饥饿感抑制最强。与LE饮料相比，HE饮料后胰岛素增加更多，与LS饮料相比，ES饮料后胰岛素增加更多，而ES版本的PP水平高于LS版本。仅在ESHE饮料后CCK水平升高。
这些数据证实饮用饮料后饱腹感对饮料的感官特性和营养成分具有急性敏感性，并表明这可能至少部分归因于饱腹感相关肠道激素释放的自上而下的调节。
