Walker Peter J, Mohan C V
CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
Network of Aquaculture Centers Asia-Pacific (NACA), Kasetsart University Campus, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand.
Rev Aquac. 2009 Jun;1(2):125-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01007.x. Epub 2009 May 15.
Shrimp aquaculture has grown rapidly over several decades to become a major global industry that serves the increasing consumer demand for seafood and has contributed significantly to socio-economic development in many poor coastal communities. However, the ecological disturbances and changes in patterns of trade associated with the development of shrimp farming have presented many of the pre-conditions for the emergence and spread of disease. Shrimp are displaced from their natural environments, provided artificial or alternative feeds, stocked in high density, exposed to stress through changes in water quality and are transported nationally and internationally, either live or as frozen product. These practices have provided opportunities for increased pathogenicity of existing infections, exposure to new pathogens, and the rapid transmission and transboundary spread of disease. Not surprisingly, a succession of new viral diseases has devastated the production and livelihoods of farmers and their sustaining communities. This review examines the major viral pathogens of farmed shrimp, the likely reasons for their emergence and spread, and the consequences for the structure and operation of the shrimp farming industry. In addition, this review discusses the health management strategies that have been introduced to combat the major pathogens and the reasons that disease continues to have an impact, particularly on poor, small-holder farmers in Asia.
几十年来，对虾养殖业迅速发展，成为一项主要的全球产业，满足了消费者对海产品不断增长的需求，并为许多贫困沿海社区的社会经济发展做出了重大贡献。然而，与对虾养殖发展相关的生态干扰和贸易模式变化为疾病的出现和传播提供了许多先决条件。对虾被移出自然环境，投喂人工饲料或替代饲料，高密度养殖，因水质变化而承受压力，并且以活体或冷冻产品的形式在国内和国际间运输。这些做法为现有感染的致病性增加、接触新病原体以及疾病的快速传播和跨界扩散创造了机会。毫不奇怪，一系列新的病毒性疾病摧毁了养殖户及其维持生计的社区的生产和生活。本综述探讨了养殖对虾的主要病毒病原体、它们出现和传播的可能原因以及对虾养殖产业结构和运营的影响。此外，本综述讨论了为对抗主要病原体而引入的健康管理策略以及疾病持续产生影响的原因，特别是对亚洲贫困的小农户的影响。
