Berezin Alexander E, Berezin Alexander A
Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine.
Internal Medicine Department, Medical Academy of Post-graduate Education, Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Ukraine.
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020 Apr 15;7:47. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00047. eCollection 2020.
Extracellular vesicles play a pivotal role in numerous physiological (immune response, cell-to-cell cooperation, angiogenesis) and pathological (reparation, inflammation, thrombosis/coagulation, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction) processes. The development of heart failure is strongly associated with endothelial dysfunction, microvascular inflammation, alteration in tissue repair, and cardiac and vascular remodeling. It has been postulated that activated endothelial cell-derived vesicles are not just transfer forms of several active molecules (such as regulatory peptides, coagulation factors, growth factors, active molecules, hormones that are embedded onto angiogenesis, tissue reparation, proliferation, and even prevention from ischemia/hypoxia), but are instead involved in direct myocardial and vascular damage due to regulation of epigenetic responses of the tissue. These responses are controlled by several factors, such as micro-RNAs, that are transferred inside extracellular vesicles from mother cells to acceptor cells and are transductors of epigenetic signals. Finally, it is not a uniform opinion whether different phenotypes of heart failure are the result of altered cardiac and vascular reparation due to certain epigenetic responses, which are yielded by co-morbidities, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. The aim of the review is to summarize knowledge regarding the role of various types of extracellular endothelial cell-derived vesicles in the regulation of cardiac and vascular remodeling in heart failure.
细胞外囊泡在众多生理过程（免疫反应、细胞间协作、血管生成）和病理过程（修复、炎症、血栓形成/凝血、动脉粥样硬化、内皮功能障碍）中发挥着关键作用。心力衰竭的发展与内皮功能障碍、微血管炎症、组织修复改变以及心脏和血管重塑密切相关。据推测，活化的内皮细胞衍生囊泡不仅是多种活性分子（如调节肽、凝血因子、生长因子、活性分子、参与血管生成、组织修复、增殖甚至预防缺血/缺氧的激素）的传递形式，而且还通过调节组织的表观遗传反应直接参与心肌和血管损伤。这些反应受多种因素控制，如微小RNA，它们在细胞外囊泡内从母细胞转移到受体细胞，是表观遗传信号的转导者。最后，对于不同表型的心力衰竭是否是由合并症（如糖尿病和肥胖症）产生的某些表观遗传反应导致的心脏和血管修复改变所致，尚无统一观点。本综述的目的是总结关于各种类型的内皮细胞衍生细胞外囊泡在心力衰竭中调节心脏和血管重塑作用的相关知识。
