Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Department of Chemistry, Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
Curr Drug Deliv. 2021;18(2):162-183. doi: 10.2174/1567201817666200520084835.
Drug abuse is considered a serious source of economic and social problems. The identification of drugs of abuse is in demand in forensic and clinical toxicology. There are various methods for the determination of these materials, including chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. However, most of these techniques need high-cost equipment, they are time-consuming, and they suffer from complicated sample preparation protocols. In contrast, electrochemical methods are low cost, mobile, and they do not require complicated sample preparation protocols. The use of nanomaterials in electroanalysis has gained significant attention in order to improve selectivity, enhance sensitivity, and lower the limit of detections. Nanomaterials have significantly gained research-interest due to their low cost (due to low amounts of materials being used) and their uniquely size-dependent properties. The incorporation of nanomaterials into host matrices is important to prepare nanocomposite sensor films. Unique properties of nanomaterials and hybrid materials, such as mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, optical responsiveness, specific catalytic and magnetic properties, in addition to high surface area per mass ratio are attractive. Besides providing novel properties, nanomaterials allow low-cost electrode fabrication based on simple technologies. The combination of nanotechnology with modern electroanalytical techniques allows innovation in electrical sensing devices with features like increased mass transport, high sensor surface area, and controlled electrode surface micro-environment. The aim of this review is to give an outline of electroanalytical determination based on nanomaterials focusing on illicit drugs in matrices, such as urine, blood, or saliva. We summarize developments in field-based sensors for determining drugs of abuse.
药物滥用被认为是造成经济和社会问题的一个严重根源。在法医毒理学和临床毒理学中，对滥用药物的鉴定有着强烈的需求。有各种方法可以用于这些物质的测定，包括色谱和质谱技术。然而，这些技术大多需要昂贵的设备，既费时又费力，而且需要复杂的样品制备方案。相比之下，电化学方法成本低、便携，且不需要复杂的样品制备方案。为了提高选择性、增强灵敏度和降低检测限，纳米材料在电分析中的应用引起了人们的极大关注。由于纳米材料的用量少，成本低，而且具有独特的尺寸依赖性特性，因此它们引起了广泛的研究兴趣。将纳米材料纳入主体基质中对于制备纳米复合材料传感器膜非常重要。纳米材料和混合材料的独特性质，如机械强度、导电性、光学响应性、特定的催化和磁性，以及高的质量比表面积，都很有吸引力。纳米材料除了提供新颖的特性外，还允许基于简单技术的低成本电极制造。将纳米技术与现代电分析技术相结合，可以在电传感设备方面进行创新，这些设备具有增加的质量传输、高的传感器表面积和受控的电极表面微环境等特点。本文综述的目的是概述基于纳米材料的电分析测定法，重点是尿液、血液或唾液等基质中的非法药物。我们总结了用于测定滥用药物的现场传感器的发展情况。
