Ashenafi Wondimye, Mengistie Bezatu, Egata Gudina, Berhane Yemane
School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
Int J Womens Health. 2020 May 5;12:339-358. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S246499. eCollection 2020.
Intimate partner violence is a major public health problem and a gross violation of human rights. The consequences of this violation are severe during pregnancy as the fetus/newborn could also be affected negatively. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence during pregnancy (IPVP) in Eastern Ethiopia.
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 3015 postpartum mothers in Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected using the WHO Violence Against Women questionnaire. Factors associated with IPVP were assessed by a log-binomial regression model using Stata version 14.
The overall prevalence of IPVP was 30.5% (95% CI: 28.8, 32.1); the prevalence for psychological violence was 24.4% (95% CI: 22.9, 26.0), physical violence was 11.9% (95% CI: 10.8, 13.2) and sexual violence was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.9, 12.2). About 95% of acts of sexual violence were in the form of forced sex. In multivariable analysis, women's education was associated with a decreased prevalence of all forms of IPVP. Previous experience of infant loss and not drinking alcohol were associated with lower prevalence of all IPVP types, except for the physical form. Working for cash and having medium household decision-making autonomy increased the prevalence of all forms of IPVP. Being older, living in an extended family, husband's/partner's habitual khat chewing and discordant pregnancy intentions increased the prevalence ratio (PR) of all forms of IPVP, except for sexual violence. Compared to being urban, being rural decreased the PR of sexual IPVP by 59% (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR]=0.41; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.60) and psychological IPVP by 32% (APR=0.68; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.87). Husband's/partner's support for antenatal care use decreased the PR of physical IPVP by 56% (APR=0.44; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.78).
Nearly one-third of pregnant women experienced IPVP. The great majority of them were subjected to forced sex by their husband/partner. This calls for urgent attention at all levels of societal organization, requiring stakeholders and policy makers to tackle the situation.
亲密伴侣暴力是一个重大的公共卫生问题，也是对人权的严重侵犯。这种侵犯行为在孕期的后果很严重，因为胎儿/新生儿也可能受到负面影响。本研究的目的是评估埃塞俄比亚东部孕期亲密伴侣暴力（IPVP）的患病率及相关因素。
在埃塞俄比亚东部对3015名产后母亲进行了一项基于社区的横断面研究。使用世界卫生组织的《妇女遭受暴力情况调查问卷》收集数据。采用Stata 14版本的对数二项回归模型评估与IPVP相关的因素。
IPVP的总体患病率为30.5%（95%置信区间：28.8, 32.1）；心理暴力的患病率为24.4%（95%置信区间：22.9, 26.0），身体暴力为11.9%（95%置信区间：10.8, 13.2），性暴力为11.0%（95%置信区间：9.9, 12.2）。约95%的性暴力行为表现为强迫性行为。在多变量分析中，女性受教育程度与各种形式的IPVP患病率降低相关。既往有婴儿夭折经历和不饮酒与除身体暴力形式外的所有IPVP类型患病率较低相关。从事有薪工作和拥有中等家庭决策自主权会增加各种形式IPVP的患病率。年龄较大、生活在大家庭、丈夫/伴侣有咀嚼恰特草的习惯以及怀孕意愿不一致会增加除性暴力外的所有形式IPVP的患病率比值（PR）。与城市地区相比，农村地区使性IPVP的PR降低了59%（调整患病率比值[APR]=0.41；95%置信区间：0.27, 0.60），心理IPVP的PR降低了32%（APR=0.68；95%置信区间：0.53, 0.87）。丈夫/伴侣对产前检查的支持使身体IPVP的PR降低了56%（APR=0.44；95%置信区间：0.25, 0.78）。
近三分之一的孕妇经历过IPVP。其中绝大多数遭受丈夫/伴侣的强迫性行为。这需要社会组织各层面给予紧急关注，要求利益相关者和政策制定者应对这一情况。
