Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
J Cell Sci. 2020 May 27;133(10):jcs240440. doi: 10.1242/jcs.240440.
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a highly conserved catabolic pathway, which mediates the delivery of unwanted cytoplasmic structures and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. In numerous situations, autophagy is highly selective and exclusively targets specific intracellular components. Selective types of autophagy are a central element of our cell-autonomous innate immunity as they can mediate the turnover of viruses or bacteria, that gain access to the cytoplasm of the cell. Selective autophagy also modulates other aspects of our immunity by turning over specific immunoregulators. Throughout evolution, however, the continuous interaction between this fundamental cellular pathway and pathogens has led several pathogens to develop exquisite mechanisms to inhibit or subvert selective types of autophagy, to promote their intracellular multiplication. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster provides an overview of the selective autophagy of both pathogens, known as xenophagy, and of immunoregulators, and highlights a few archetypal examples that illustrate molecular strategies developed by viruses and bacteria to manipulate selective autophagy for their own benefit.
自噬（下文简称自噬）是一种高度保守的分解代谢途径，可介导将细胞质中的不需要的结构和细胞器递送至溶酶体进行降解。在许多情况下，自噬具有高度的选择性，仅靶向特定的细胞内成分。选择性自噬是细胞自主固有免疫的核心要素，因为它可以介导病毒或细菌的周转，这些病毒或细菌进入细胞的细胞质。选择性自噬还通过周转特定的免疫调节剂来调节我们免疫的其他方面。然而，在整个进化过程中，这种基本的细胞途径与病原体之间的持续相互作用导致几种病原体形成了精细的机制来抑制或颠覆选择性自噬，以促进它们的细胞内增殖。本文和配套海报以综述形式概述了病原体（即异噬）和免疫调节剂的选择性自噬，并突出了一些典型示例，说明了病毒和细菌为了自身利益而开发的操纵选择性自噬的分子策略。
