Department of Geography, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Population Research Institute, and Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, 112E Armsby, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 25;17(10):3717. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103717.
The impact of human activities on ecosystems can be measured by ecosystem services. The study of ecosystem services is an essential part of coupled human and natural systems. However, there is limited understanding about the driving forces of ecosystem services, especially from a spatial perspective. This study attempts to fill the gap by examining the driving forces of ecosystem services with an integrated spatial approach. The results indicate that more than US$430 billion of ecosystem services value (ESV) is produced annually in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Urban Agglomerations (MRYRUA), with forestland providing the largest proportion of total ESV (≥75%) and hydrological regulation function accounting for the largest proportion of total ESV (≥15%). The average ESV in the surrounding areas is obviously higher than those in the metropolitan areas, in the plains areas, and along major traffic routes. Spatial dependence and spatial spillover effects were observed in the ecosystem services in the MRYRUA. Spatial regression results indicate that road density, proportion of developed land, and river density are negatively associated with ecosystem services, while distance to a socioeconomic center, proportion of forestland land, elevation, and precipitation are positively associated with ecosystem services. The findings in this study suggest that these driving factors and the spillover effect should be taken into consideration in ecosystem protection and land-use policymaking in urban agglomerations.
人类活动对生态系统的影响可以通过生态系统服务来衡量。生态系统服务的研究是耦合人类与自然系统的重要组成部分。然而，人们对生态系统服务的驱动因素，尤其是从空间角度来看，了解有限。本研究试图通过综合的空间方法来检验生态系统服务的驱动因素来填补这一空白。研究结果表明，长江中游城市群每年产生的生态系统服务价值（ESV）超过 4300 亿美元，其中林地提供的总 ESV 比例最大（≥75%），水文调节功能占总 ESV 的比例最大（≥15%）。周边地区的平均 ESV 明显高于都市区、平原地区和主要交通路线的 ESV。在长江中游城市群的生态系统中观察到了空间依赖性和空间溢出效应。空间回归结果表明，道路密度、建设用地比例和河流密度与生态系统服务呈负相关，而距社会经济中心的距离、林地比例、海拔和降水与生态系统服务呈正相关。本研究的结果表明，在城市群的生态保护和土地利用政策制定中，应考虑这些驱动因素和溢出效应。
