Heinrich Michael, Scotti Francesca, Andrade-Cetto Adolfo, Berger-Gonzalez Monica, Echeverría Javier, Friso Fabio, Garcia-Cardona Felipe, Hesketh Alan, Hitziger Martin, Maake Caroline, Politi Matteo, Spadafora Carmenza, Spadafora Rita
Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratorio de Etnofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jun 8;11:765. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00765. eCollection 2020.
Global challenges related to access and benefit sharing (ABS) of biological resources have become a key concern in the area of research on herbal medicines, ethnopharmacology, drug discovery, and the development of other high value products for which Intellectual Property protection can be secured. While the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Rio 1992) has been recognized as a huge step forward, the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol (NP) and of new forms of collaboration often remain unresolved, especially in the context of "the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources" (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011). The vision and the specific implementation of this international treaty vary from country to country, which poses additional challenges.
Using a case study approach, in this analysis we aim at understanding the specific opportunities and challenges for implementing international collaborations regarding ABS in six Latin American countries-Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, México, Panama, and Peru. Based on that analysis, we provide recommendations for the path ahead regarding international collaborations under ABS agreements in ethnopharmacological research.
The implementation of the NP varies in the six countries; and while they are all rich in biodiversity, access and benefit sharing mechanisms differ considerably. There is a need to engage in a consultation process with stakeholders, but this has often come to a halt. Institutional infrastructures to implement national policies are weak, and the level of knowledge about the NP and the CBD within countries remains limited.
Different policies in the six countries result in very diverse strategies and opportunities relating to the equitable use of biodiversity. A long-term strategy is required to facilitate a better understanding of the treaties and the resulting opportunities for a fairer development and implementation of transparent national polices, which currently differ in the six countries. So far, the benefits envisioned by the CBD and the NP remain unfulfilled for all stakeholders involved including local communities.
与生物资源获取和惠益分享（ABS）相关的全球挑战已成为草药研究、民族药理学、药物研发以及其他可获得知识产权保护的高价值产品开发领域的关键关注点。尽管《生物多样性公约》（CBD，1992年里约热内卢）被视为向前迈出的巨大一步，但《名古屋议定书》（NP）的实施以及新的合作形式往往仍未得到解决，特别是在“公平公正地分享利用遗传资源所产生的惠益”（《生物多样性公约》，2011年）的背景下。该国际条约的愿景和具体实施因国而异，这带来了额外的挑战。
采用案例研究方法，在本分析中，我们旨在了解智利、哥伦比亚、危地马拉、墨西哥、巴拿马和秘鲁这六个拉丁美洲国家在实施与生物资源获取和惠益分享相关的国际合作方面的具体机遇和挑战。基于该分析，我们就民族药理学研究中生物资源获取和惠益分享协议下的国际合作未来路径提出建议。
《名古屋议定书》在这六个国家的实施情况各不相同；尽管它们都拥有丰富的生物多样性，但获取和惠益分享机制差异很大。需要与利益相关者进行协商，但这一过程往往停滞不前。实施国家政策的机构基础设施薄弱，各国对《名古屋议定书》和《生物多样性公约》的了解程度仍然有限。
这六个国家的不同政策导致了与公平利用生物多样性相关的截然不同的战略和机遇。需要一项长期战略，以促进更好地理解这些条约以及由此产生的机遇，从而更公平地制定和实施目前这六个国家各不相同的透明国家政策。到目前为止，包括当地社区在内的所有相关利益者都尚未实现《生物多样性公约》和《名古屋议定书》所设想的惠益。
