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SARS-CoV-2 感染中的肺巨噬细胞:是敌是友?

The Lung Macrophage in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Friend or a Foe?

机构信息

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.

出版信息

Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 5;11:1312. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01312. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

Respiratory, circulatory, and renal failure are among the gravest features of COVID-19 and are associated with a very high mortality rate. A common denominator of all affected organs is the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a protease responsible for the conversion of Angiotensin 1-8 (Ang II) to Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7). Ang 1-7 acts on these tissues and in other target organs via Mas receptor (MasR), where it exerts beneficial effects, including vasodilation and suppression of inflammation and fibrosis, along an attenuation of cardiac and vascular remodeling. Unfortunately, ACE2 also serves as the binding receptor of SARS viral spike glycoprotein, enabling its attachment to host cells, with subsequent viral internalization and replication. Although numerous reports have linked the devastating organ injuries to viral homing and attachment to organ-specific cells widely expressing ACE2, little attention has been given to ACE-2 expressed by the immune system. Herein we outline potential adverse effects of SARS-CoV2 on macrophages and dendritic cells, key cells of the immune system expressing ACE2. Specifically, we propose a new hypothesis that, while macrophages play an important role in antiviral defense mechanisms, in the case of SARS-CoV, they may also serve as a Trojan horse, enabling viral anchoring specifically within the pulmonary parenchyma. It is tempting to assume that diverse expression of ACE2 in macrophages among individuals might govern the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, reallocation of viral-containing macrophages migrating out of the lung to other tissues is theoretically plausible in the context of viral spread with the involvement of other organs.

摘要

呼吸、循环和肾功能衰竭是 COVID-19 最严重的特征之一,与极高的死亡率相关。所有受影响器官的一个共同特征是血管紧张素转换酶 2(ACE2)的表达,ACE2 是一种负责将血管紧张素 1-8(Ang II)转化为血管紧张素 1-7(Ang 1-7)的蛋白酶。Ang 1-7 通过 Mas 受体(MasR)作用于这些组织和其他靶器官,在那里它发挥有益作用,包括血管舒张和抑制炎症和纤维化,同时减弱心脏和血管重塑。不幸的是,ACE2 也是 SARS 病毒刺突糖蛋白的结合受体,使其能够附着于宿主细胞,随后病毒内化和复制。尽管许多报告将破坏性的器官损伤与病毒归巢和附着于广泛表达 ACE2 的器官特异性细胞联系起来,但很少关注免疫系统表达的 ACE-2。在此,我们概述了 SARS-CoV2 对巨噬细胞和树突状细胞(免疫系统中表达 ACE2 的关键细胞)的潜在不利影响。具体而言,我们提出了一个新假设,即在巨噬细胞在抗病毒防御机制中发挥重要作用的情况下,对于 SARS-CoV,它们也可能充当特洛伊木马,使病毒专门锚定于肺实质内。人们不禁假设,个体中巨噬细胞 ACE2 的不同表达可能会影响 SARS-CoV-2 感染的严重程度。此外,从肺迁移到其他组织的含有病毒的巨噬细胞的重新分配在涉及其他器官的病毒传播的情况下在理论上是合理的。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/091a/7291598/b4ac5588d17e/fimmu-11-01312-g0001.jpg

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