LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
Vasco da Gama Research Centre - Department of Veterinary Sceinces, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal.
Molecules. 2020 Jun 24;25(12):2906. doi: 10.3390/molecules25122906.
Until now, the available data regarding citrinin (CIT) levels in food and the consumption of contaminated foods are insufficient to allow a reliable estimate of intake. Therefore, biomonitoring configuring analysis of parent compound and/or metabolites in biological fluids, such as urine or blood, is being increasingly applied in the assessment of human exposure to CIT and its metabolite, dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT). Most studies report urinary levels lower for the parent compound when compared with DH-CIT. A high variability either in the mean levels or in the inter-individual ratios of CIT/DH-CIT between the reported studies has been found. Levels of DH-CIT in urine were reported as being comprised between three to seventeen times higher than the parent mycotoxin. In order to comply with this objective, sensitive analytical methodologies for determining biomarkers of exposure are required. Recent development of powerful analytical techniques, namely liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-MS/MS) have facilitated biomonitoring studies, mainly in urine samples. In the present work, evidence on human exposure to CIT through its occurrence and its metabolite, in biological fluids, urine and blood/plasma, in different countries, is reviewed. The analytical methodologies usually employed to evaluate trace quantities of these two molecules, are also presented. In this sense, relevant data on sampling (size and pre-treatment), extraction, cleanup and detection and quantification techniques and respective chromatographic conditions, as well as the analytical performance, are evidenced.
迄今为止，有关食品中环匹阿尼酸（CIT）水平和受污染食品消费的数据还不足以可靠地估计摄入量。因此，越来越多地在生物流体（如尿液或血液）中对母体化合物和/或代谢物进行生物监测配置分析，以评估人类接触 CIT 及其代谢物二氢环匹阿尼酸（DH-CIT）的情况。大多数研究报告称，尿液中原化合物的水平低于 DH-CIT。在所报告的研究中，CIT/DH-CIT 的个体间比值或平均值的变异性很高。尿液中 DH-CIT 的水平报告为比母体真菌毒素高三到十七倍。为了实现这一目标，需要确定暴露生物标志物的敏感分析方法。近年来，强大的分析技术（例如液相色谱与质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UHPLC-MS/MS））的发展促进了生物监测研究，主要是在尿液样本中。本工作综述了不同国家生物体液（尿液和血液/血浆）中环匹阿尼酸及其代谢物的发生和存在情况及其对人类的暴露情况。还介绍了评估这两种分子痕量所需的分析方法。在这方面，证据是基于对这两个分子的采样（大小和预处理）、提取、净化、检测和定量技术以及各自的色谱条件以及分析性能的相关数据。
