Villena Julio, Kitazawa Haruki
Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Front Physiol. 2020 Jun 16;11:699. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00699. eCollection 2020.
Viral respiratory infections are of major importance because of their capacity to cause of a high degree of morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations, and to rapidly spread between countries. Perhaps the best example of this global threat is the infectious disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has infected more than 4 million people worldwide, causing the death of 287,000 persons according to the WHO's situation report on May 13, 2020. The availability of therapeutic tools that would be used massively to prevent or mitigate the detrimental effects of emerging respiratory viruses on human health is therefore mandatory. In this regard, research from the last decade has reported the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the respiratory immunity. It was conclusively demonstrated how the variations in the intestinal microbiota affect the responses of respiratory epithelial cells and antigen presenting cells against respiratory virus attack. Moreover, the selection of specific microbial strains (immunobiotics) with the ability to modulate immunity in distal mucosal sites made possible the generation of nutritional interventions to strengthen respiratory antiviral defenses. In this article, the most important characteristics of the limited information available regarding the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 virus are revised briefly. In addition, this review summarizes the knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the improvement of respiratory antiviral defenses by beneficial immunobiotic microorganisms such as CRL1505. The ability of beneficial microorganisms to enhance type I interferons and antiviral factors in the respiratory tract, stimulate Th1 response and antibodies production, and regulate inflammation and coagulation activation during the course of viral infections reducing tissue damage and preserving lung functionally, clearly indicate the potential of immunobiotics to favorably influence the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
病毒性呼吸道感染至关重要，因为它们能够在高危人群中导致高度的发病率和死亡率，并能在国家之间迅速传播。这种全球威胁的最佳例子或许就是新型严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）病毒引起的传染病，根据世界卫生组织2020年5月13日的疫情报告，该病毒已在全球感染了400多万人，导致28.7万人死亡。因此，必须要有能够大量用于预防或减轻新型呼吸道病毒对人类健康造成有害影响的治疗手段。在这方面，过去十年的研究报告了肠道微生物群对呼吸道免疫的影响。已确凿证明肠道微生物群的变化如何影响呼吸道上皮细胞和抗原呈递细胞对呼吸道病毒攻击的反应。此外，选择具有调节远端黏膜部位免疫能力的特定微生物菌株（免疫生物制剂），使得通过营养干预来加强呼吸道抗病毒防御成为可能。在本文中，简要回顾了关于针对SARS-CoV-2病毒免疫反应的有限可用信息的最重要特征。此外，本综述总结了有关有益免疫生物制剂微生物（如CRL1505）改善呼吸道抗病毒防御所涉及的细胞和分子机制的知识。有益微生物在病毒感染过程中增强呼吸道中的I型干扰素和抗病毒因子、刺激Th1反应和抗体产生、调节炎症和凝血激活以减少组织损伤并维持肺功能的能力，清楚地表明免疫生物制剂有可能对针对SARS-CoV-2病毒的免疫反应产生有利影响。
