Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2020 Nov;199:104930. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104930. Epub 2020 Jul 18.
To create social closeness, humans engage in a variety of social activities centered around shared experiences. Even simply watching the same video side by side creates social closeness in adults and children. However, perhaps surprisingly, a similar psychological mechanism was recently shown in great apes. Here we asked whether the process by which this social closeness is created is the same for children and great apes. Each participant entered a room to see an experimenter (E1) watching a video. In one condition, E1 looked to the participant at the start of the video to establish common ground that they were watching the video together. In another condition, E1 did not look to the participant in this way so that the participant knew they were watching the same video, but the participant did not know whether E1 was aware of this as well, so there was no common ground (E1 looked to the participant later in the procedure). Children, but not great apes, approached the experimenter faster after the common ground condition, suggesting that although both humans and great apes create social closeness by co-attending to something in close proximity, creating social closeness by sharing experiences in common ground may be a uniquely human social-cognitive process.
为了建立社交亲密感，人类会参与各种以共同体验为中心的社交活动。即使只是并排观看同一个视频，也能在成年人和儿童中建立社交亲密感。然而，也许令人惊讶的是，最近在大型猿类中也发现了类似的心理机制。在这里，我们想知道儿童和大型猿类建立这种社交亲密感的过程是否相同。每个参与者进入一个房间，看到一个实验者（E1）正在观看视频。在一种情况下，E1 在视频开始时看向参与者，以建立共同基础，即他们正在一起观看视频。在另一种情况下，E1 没有以这种方式看向参与者，因此参与者知道他们在观看相同的视频，但参与者不知道 E1 是否也知道这一点，因此没有共同基础（E1 在稍后的程序中看向参与者）。儿童，但不是大型猿类，在有共同基础的情况下更快地接近实验者，这表明，尽管人类和大型猿类都通过共同关注近距离的事物来建立社交亲密感，但通过共同的经验来建立社交亲密感可能是一种独特的人类社会认知过程。
