Barcelos Nomicos Laura, Jacobs Kenneth W, Locey Matthew L
Department of Psychology/296, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
Anal Verbal Behav. 2020 May 21;36(1):74-86. doi: 10.1007/s40616-020-00127-0. eCollection 2020 Jun.
Human decision making is partly determined by the verbal stimuli involved in a choice. Verbal stimuli that may be particularly relevant to human decision making are the words and , whereby is presumably associated with what one ought to choose, and is presumably associated with what one prefers to choose. The current study examined the potential effects of and on decisions in a monetary delay-discounting task. Eighty-three participants were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and were randomly assigned to a sequence of 2 conditions- and -in a repeated-measures experimental design. Based on condition assignment, the questions "Which should you choose?" and "Which would you like to choose?" appeared above each monetary option and its respective delay. Overall, participants demonstrated significantly lower levels of discounting in the condition when compared to the condition. However, this effect was much less consistent for participants exposed to the condition prior to the condition. The results of the current investigation indicate that the use of the words and constitutes separate classes of verbal stimuli that we refer to as obligatory and preferential frames. The effect of obligatory and preferential frames on delay discounting may be relevant to the prediction and control of decision making in social contexts.
人类决策部分取决于选择中涉及的言语刺激。与人类决策可能特别相关的言语刺激是“应该”和“想要”这两个词，据此，“应该”大概与一个人应该选择的东西相关联，而“想要”大概与一个人更喜欢选择的东西相关联。当前的研究考察了“应该”和“想要”对货币延迟折扣任务中决策的潜在影响。从亚马逊的土耳其机器人平台招募了83名参与者，并在重复测量实验设计中随机分配到两个条件——“应该”和“想要”——的序列中。根据条件分配，“你应该选择哪一个？”和“你想选择哪一个？”这两个问题出现在每个货币选项及其相应延迟上方。总体而言，与“想要”条件相比，参与者在“应该”条件下表现出显著更低的折扣水平。然而，对于在“想要”条件之前接触“应该”条件的参与者来说，这种效应不太一致。当前调查的结果表明，“应该”和“想要”这两个词的使用构成了我们称为义务性框架和偏好性框架的不同类别的言语刺激。义务性框架和偏好性框架对延迟折扣的影响可能与社会背景下决策的预测和控制有关。
