Koppa Raghu Pratheeksha, Bansal Kuldeep K, Thakor Pradip, Bhavana Valamla, Madan Jitender, Rosenholm Jessica M, Mehra Neelesh Kumar
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India.
Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020 Jul 27;13(8):167. doi: 10.3390/ph13080167.
The topical route is the most preferred one for administering drugs to eyes, skin and wounds for reaching enhanced efficacy and to improve patient compliance. Topical administration of drugs via conventional dosage forms such as solutions, creams and so forth to the eyes is associated with very low bioavailability (less than 5%) and hence, we cannot rely on these for delivering drugs to eyes more efficiently. An intravitreal injection is another popular drug delivery regime but is associated with complications like intravitreal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, and cataracts. The skin has a complex structure that serves as numerous physiological barriers to the entry of exogenous substances. Drug localization is an important aspect of some dermal diseases and requires directed delivery of the active substance to the diseased cells, which is challenging with current approaches. Existing therapies used for wound healing are costly, and they involve long-lasting treatments with 70% chance of recurrence of ulcers. Nanotechnology is a novel and highly potential technology for designing formulations that would improve the efficiency of delivering drugs via the topical route. This review involves a discussion about how nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems have evolved, and their potential in overcoming the natural barriers for delivering drugs to eyes, skin and wounds.
局部给药途径是将药物施用于眼睛、皮肤和伤口的最优选途径，以提高疗效并改善患者依从性。通过传统剂型（如溶液、乳膏等）将药物局部施用于眼睛，生物利用度非常低（低于5%），因此，我们不能依靠这些剂型更有效地将药物递送至眼睛。玻璃体内注射是另一种常用的药物递送方式，但会引发诸如玻璃体内出血、视网膜脱离、眼内炎和白内障等并发症。皮肤具有复杂的结构，对外源性物质的进入构成众多生理屏障。药物定位是一些皮肤病的重要方面，需要将活性物质定向递送至病变细胞，而目前的方法在这方面具有挑战性。现有的伤口愈合疗法成本高昂，且需要长期治疗，溃疡复发几率为70%。纳米技术是一种新颖且极具潜力的技术，可用于设计能提高局部给药途径药物递送效率的制剂。本综述讨论了纳米技术驱动的药物递送系统是如何发展的，以及它们在克服将药物递送至眼睛、皮肤和伤口的天然屏障方面的潜力。
