Barbato Mariapaola, Almulla Aisha A, Marotta Andrea
Cognition and Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Department of Experimental Psychology and Physiology of Behaviour, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 15;11:1554. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01554. eCollection 2020.
The last two decades have witnessed growing interest in the study of social cognition and its multiple facets, including trust. Interpersonal trust is generally understood as the belief that others are not likely to harm you. When meeting strangers, judgments of trustworthiness are mostly based on fast evaluation of facial appearance, unless information about past behavior is available. In the past decade, studies have tried to understand the complex relationship between trust and gaze-cueing of attention (GCA) (i.e., attentional orienting following another person's gaze). This review will focus on the studies that used a gaze-cueing paradigm to explore this relationship. While the predictivity of the gaze-cue seems to consistently influence trustworthiness judgments, the impact of trust on gaze-cueing is less clear. Four studies found enhanced gaze-cueing effects with trustworthy faces; one found stronger effects of gaze-cueing with faces associated with undesirable behavior, but only when the observer's personal evaluations were taken into account. Four studies did not observe an effect of trust on gaze-cueing. Overall, studies have highlighted the complexity of this relationship, suggesting that multiple factors (including age, gender, the characteristics of the observer, and whether or not a threat is perceived) are likely to intervene in the interplay between trust and gaze-triggered attentional orienting. After discussing results in the context of existing theories of gaze-cueing and trust, we conclude that further investigation is needed to better understand this relationship and the contribution of social factors to attentional shifts guided by gaze.
在过去二十年中，社会认知及其多个方面（包括信任）的研究兴趣日益浓厚。人际信任通常被理解为相信他人不太可能伤害自己。遇到陌生人时，对他人是否值得信任的判断大多基于对面部外观的快速评估，除非有关于其过去行为的信息。在过去十年中，研究试图理解信任与注意力的目光提示（GCA）（即跟随他人目光的注意力定向）之间的复杂关系。本综述将聚焦于使用目光提示范式来探究这种关系的研究。虽然目光提示的预测性似乎始终会影响对他人是否值得信任的判断，但信任对目光提示的影响则不太明确。四项研究发现，面对值得信任的面孔时，目光提示效应增强；一项研究发现，面对与不良行为相关的面孔时，目光提示效应更强，但前提是要考虑观察者的个人评价。四项研究未观察到信任对目光提示有影响。总体而言，研究凸显了这种关系的复杂性，表明多种因素（包括年龄、性别、观察者的特征以及是否察觉到威胁）可能会干预信任与目光触发的注意力定向之间的相互作用。在结合现有的目光提示和信任理论对研究结果进行讨论之后，我们得出结论，需要进一步开展研究，以更好地理解这种关系以及社会因素对由目光引导的注意力转移的作用。
