School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Biol Reprod. 2020 Dec 1;103(6):1157-1170. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa135.
Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.
Kisspeptin（KISS1）由 KISS1 基因编码，最初被发现是一种抑制转移的物质。随后，KISS1 受体基因（KISS1R）的自然突变被证明与特发性下丘脑性性腺功能减退症和青春期障碍有关。这引发了人们对 KISS1 在生殖中的作用的兴趣。研究表明，KISS1 在控制促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）分泌方面起着至关重要的作用。KISS1 神经元具有瘦素和雌激素受体α（ERα）的受体，这使 KISS1 成为代谢（瘦素）和性腺（ERα）调节 GnRH 分泌的门户。最近，KISS1 被证明在生殖外周组织中发挥作用。KISS1 和 KISS1R 基因在卵泡（颗粒细胞、膜细胞、卵母细胞）、滋养层和子宫中表达。KISS1 和 KISS1R 蛋白存在于相同的组织中。KISS1 似乎在卵泡和卵母细胞成熟、滋养层发育以及着床和胎盘形成中具有自分泌和旁分泌作用。在一些研究中，KISS1 有利于体外卵母细胞成熟和囊胚发育。KISS1 研究的下一阶段将探索对胚胎存活和妊娠的潜在益处。这可能涉及在发情前期、早期胚胎发育、滋养层附着以及着床和妊娠期间进行更长时间的 KISS1 治疗。更深入地了解 KISS1 在生殖组织中的直接作用，可能有助于实现胚胎存活的下一步改变，并提高辅助生殖技术的效率。
