Department of Economics, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan.
West Center for Economic Research, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jan;28(1):416-431. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10502-y. Epub 2020 Aug 18.
The empirical linkages from tourism, governance, and FDI have been quantified on CO emission and energy use over 2002-2014 for a panel of 13 Muslim countries. To this end, we have examined the data for cross-sectional dependence (CD) and panel heterogeneity and employed panel algorithms, which account for both CD and panel heterogeneity. The results from Pedroni, Westerlund, and Kao tests supported the existence of a cointegration association between the chosen variables. In the CO model, we observed that tourism positively, and governance negatively, influences the CO emission. However, in the case of the energy model, the results of tourism pose a negative relationship, and governance indicates a positive relationship with energy use. The results supported the pollution haven phenomenon, finance, and energy triggered pollution in the study area. Further, the research supported a two-way causality between tourism and CO, where there is a unilateral causality from governance to CO. Similarly, a unidirectional causality was obtained from energy towards tourism. Lastly, the key policy recommendations based on the outcomes of the study are encouraging clean energy investment, enhancing good governance, and sustainable tourism development for improving environmental quality.
本文基于 2002-2014 年的面板数据，对 13 个穆斯林国家的旅游、治理和 FDI 与 CO 排放和能源使用之间的实证关系进行了量化。为此，我们检验了横截面相关性（CD）和面板异质性的数据，并采用了面板算法，同时考虑了 CD 和面板异质性。Pedroni、Westerlund 和 Kao 检验的结果支持所选变量之间存在协整关系。在 CO 模型中，我们观察到旅游对 CO 排放有正向影响，而治理则有负向影响。然而，在能源模型的情况下，旅游的结果显示出负相关关系，而治理与能源使用呈正相关。结果支持了研究区域的污染避难所现象、金融和能源引发的污染。此外，研究还支持了旅游和 CO 之间存在双向因果关系，其中治理对 CO 存在单向因果关系。同样，也从能源到旅游获得了单向因果关系。最后，根据研究结果提出了一些关键的政策建议，包括鼓励清洁能源投资、加强良好治理以及可持续的旅游发展，以改善环境质量。
