College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.
Mar Drugs. 2020 Aug 21;18(9):435. doi: 10.3390/md18090435.
Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.
不同种类的红藻富含化学结构多样的碳水化合物。特别是，从红藻细胞壁中分离出的一组硫酸化多糖，由于其广谱的抗菌活性而受到广泛关注。在该组中，角叉菜胶（CGs）有望成为第一个临床应用的杀微生物剂，由于其在亚临床研究中具有优越的抗病毒效力和理想的安全性特征，可以预防各种病毒感染。然而，在人体研究中无法验证它们预期的有益效果。为了评估再次尝试将 CG 开发成新药作为预防用杀微生物剂的价值，需要彻底重新评估基于 CG 的杀微生物剂的所有临床前和临床开发过程。在这篇综述中，根据目标病毒（包括人类免疫缺陷病毒、疱疹病毒、呼吸道病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、登革热病毒和其他病毒）的研究数量，总结了 CG 的体外毒性、体内安全性概况以及体外、离体和体内抗病毒活性，同时描述了它们的抗病毒作用模式和抗病毒耐药性的发展。对 CG 的优缺点进行评估将有助于为未来的研究提供方向，从而可能成功开发出基于 CG 的抗菌预防剂。
